Tom 12, Nr 2 (2017)
CHOROBY TĘTNIC OBWODOWYCH
Opublikowany online: 2017-05-31
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Wewnątrznaczyniowe leczenie objawowych zwężeń proksymalnych odcinków tętnic kręgowych
Kardiol Inwazyjna 2017;12(2):37-42.
Streszczenie
Tętnice kręgowe, powstająca z ich połączenia tętnica podstawna oraz ich gałęzie stanowią tylny krąg unaczynienia (TKU). Odpowiada on za dostarczenie krwi do pnia mózgu, tylnej części wzgórza, móżdżku, części płatów skroniowych i potylicznych. Udary niedokrwienne stanowią około 70–80% przypadków wszystkich udarów mózgu, natomiast udary z TKU stanowią około 20–30% wszystkich udarów niedokrwiennych mózgu. Objawowe zwężenie tętnicy kręgowej jest powszechnie uznaną przyczyną udaru z TKU. W populacji osób z przebytym udarem z TKU, zwężenie tętnicy kręgowej > 50% stwierdza się u 20% chorych, z czego u 9% jest to główna przyczyna udaru. Obraz kliniczny niedokrwienia kręgowo-podstawnego jest bardzo różnorodny z powodu rozległego obszaru unaczynienia. Leczeniem pierwszego rzutu jest modyfikacja czynników ryzyka oraz farmakoterapia. Chorzy, u których leczenie zachowawcze nie przynosi zadowalających efektów, są kwalifikowani do leczenia interwencyjnego — metodami chirurgicznymi lub wewnątrznaczyniowymi. Pierwszy zabieg angioplastyki balonowej tętnicy kręgowej opisano w 1981 roku; obecnie standardem są zabiegi angioplastyki z implantacją stentu, co ujęto w wytycznych European Society of Cardiology (ESC) z 2011 roku. Stenty powlekane lekiem antymitotycznym mogą zmniejszać odsetek nawrotu zwężenia w stencie implantowanym do ujścia tętnicy kręgowej w porównaniu do klasycznych stentów metalowych, choć dane z literatury nie są jednoznaczne. Duży odsetek nawrotu zwężenia w stencie w tętnicy kręgowej pozostaje problemem, niemniej w większości przypadków chorzy mogą być skutecznie leczeni zabiegiem ponownej angioplastyki.
Słowa kluczowe: objawowe zwężenie tętnic kręgowychstenty metalowestenty powlekane lekiem antymitotycznym
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