open access

Ahead of Print
Review paper
Published online: 2023-08-08
Get Citation

Diagnosis and treatment of hallucinations in elderly palliative care patients with Parkinson’s disease

Karolina Ochyra1, Zbigniew Żylicz1
Affiliations
  1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Poland

open access

Ahead of Print
Review paper
Published online: 2023-08-08

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Until recently, the treatment was focused on dopamine deficiency and enabling patient activity. Much less attention was paid to the cognitive impairment and non-motor symptoms of the disease. Dementia, hallucinations and delusions are the most common cognitive disorder influencing a patient's quality of life. Hallucinations are probably the most common and bothersome non-motoric symptom. This paper discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hallucinations with atypical antipsychotics and possible alternatives. We also suggest a sensible approach for patients with hallucinations and delusions.

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Until recently, the treatment was focused on dopamine deficiency and enabling patient activity. Much less attention was paid to the cognitive impairment and non-motor symptoms of the disease. Dementia, hallucinations and delusions are the most common cognitive disorder influencing a patient's quality of life. Hallucinations are probably the most common and bothersome non-motoric symptom. This paper discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hallucinations with atypical antipsychotics and possible alternatives. We also suggest a sensible approach for patients with hallucinations and delusions.

Get Citation

Keywords

Parkinson' s disease, non-motoric symptoms, hallucination, quetiapine, clozapine

About this article
Title

Diagnosis and treatment of hallucinations in elderly palliative care patients with Parkinson’s disease

Journal

Palliative Medicine in Practice

Issue

Ahead of Print

Article type

Review paper

Published online

2023-08-08

Page views

233

Article views/downloads

312

DOI

10.5603/PMPI.a2023.0029

Keywords

Parkinson's disease
non-motoric symptoms
hallucination
quetiapine
clozapine

Authors

Karolina Ochyra
Zbigniew Żylicz

References (52)
  1. Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988; 51(6): 745–752.
  2. Pauwels E, Boer G. Parkinson’s disease: a tale of many players. Med Princ Pract. 2023; [Online ahead of print]: 1–11.
  3. Pfeiffer R. Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 22(Suppl 1): S119–S122.
  4. Holroyd S. Prospective study of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 70(6): 734–738.
  5. Global Parkinson's Disease Survey (GPDS) Steering Committee. Factors impacting on quality of life in Parkinson's disease: results from an international survey. Movement Disorders. 2002; 17(1): 60–67.
  6. Fénelon G, Alves G. Epidemiology of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci. 2010; 289(1-2): 12–17.
  7. Inzelberg R, Kipervasser S, Korczyn AD. Auditory hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998; 64(4): 533–535.
  8. Fenelon G, Thobois S, Bonnet AM, et al. Tactile hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2002; 249(12): 1699–1703.
  9. Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Alves G, et al. The spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with early untreated Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009; 80(8): 928–930.
  10. Alty J, Clissold B, McColl C, et al. Longitudinal study of the levodopa motor response in Parkinson's disease: Relationship between cognitive decline and motor function. Mov Disord. 2009; 24(16): 2337–2343.
  11. Brusa L, Paving V, Massimetti MC, et al. The effect of dopamine agonists on cognitive functions in non-demented early-mild Parkinson's disease patients. Funct Neurol. 2013; 28(1): 13–17.
  12. Nakano I, Hirano A. Parkinson's disease: neuron loss in the nucleus basalis without concomitant Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 1984; 15(5): 415–418.
  13. Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rüb U, et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson’s disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 2004; 318(1): 121–134.
  14. Perry EK, Curtis M, Dick DJ, et al. Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: comparisons with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985; 48(5): 413–421.
  15. Messripour M, Shahidi Z. Short- and long-term effects ofl-dopa administration on striatal acetylcholinesterase activity. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1990; 13(3): 217–224.
  16. Burn D, Emre M, McKeith I, et al. Effects of rivastigmine in patients with and without visual hallucinations in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006; 21(11): 1899–1907.
  17. Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. Am J Psychiatry. 1992; 149(12): 1701–1706.
  18. Holroyd S, Sheldon-Keller A. A study of visual hallucinations in Azheimer's disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1995; 3(3): 198–205.
  19. Zarkali A, Luppi A, Stamatakis E, et al. Changes in dynamic transitions between integrated and segregated states underlie visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Commun Biol. 2022; 5(1): 928.
  20. Huot P, Johnston T, Darr T, et al. Increased 5-HT2Areceptors in the temporal cortex of parkinsonian patients with visual hallucinations. Mov Disord. 2010; 25(10): 1399–1408.
  21. Kaur J, Lenka A, Isaacson JR, et al. Ondansetron for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease psychosis. Rationale and literature review. Annals Movement Dis. 2023.
  22. Wada-Isoe K, Ohta K, Imamura K, et al. Assessment of hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease using a novel scale. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008; 117(1): 35–40.
  23. Kuzuhara S. Drug-induced psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Problems, management and dilemma. J Neurol. 2001; 248(S3): 28–31.
  24. Rogers G, Davies D, Pink J, et al. Parkinson’s disease: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2017(358): j1951.
  25. Cancelli I, Marcon G, Balestrieri M. Factors associated with complex visual hallucinations during antidepressant treatment. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004; 19(8): 577–584.
  26. Montane E, Vallano A, Laporte JR. Oral antispastic drugs in nonprogressive neurologic diseases: a systematic review. Neurology. 2004; 63(8): 1357–1363.
  27. Agarwal S. Cimetidine and visual hallucinations. JAMA. 1978; 240(3): 214.
  28. Cimetidine toxicity manifested as paranoia and hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry. 1980; 137(9): 1112–1113.
  29. Marinella M. Ranitidine associated visual hallucinations. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1996; 23(3): 238.
  30. Jethwa K, Onalaja O. Antipsychotics for the management of psychosis in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open. 2018; 1(1): 27–33.
  31. Clozapine in drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Lancet. 1999; 353(9169): 2041–2042.
  32. Parkinson Study Group. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(10): 757–763.
  33. Pollak P. Clozapine in drug induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, placebo controlled study with open follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004; 75(5): 689–695.
  34. Ondo W, Tintner R, Voung KD, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapine for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2005; 20(8): 958–963.
  35. Rabey J, Prokhorov T, Miniovitz A, et al. Effect of quetiapine in psychotic Parkinson's disease patients: a double-blind labeled study of 3 months' duration. Mov Disord. 2007; 22(3): 313–318.
  36. Kurlan R, Cummings J, Raman R, et al. Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism. Neurology. 2007; 68(17): 1356–1363.
  37. Shotbolt P. A randomized controlled trial of quetiapine for psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009: 327–332.
  38. Morgante L, Epifanio A, Spina E, et al. Quetiapine and clozapine in Parkinsonian patients with dopaminergic psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004; 27(4): 153–156.
  39. Merims D, Balas M, Peretz C, et al. Rater-blinded, prospective comparison. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006; 29(6): 331–337.
  40. Chitnis S, Rao J. Rivastigmine in Parkinson's disease dementia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009; 5(8): 941–955.
  41. Cruz MP. Pimavanserin (nuplazid): a treatment for hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease. P T. 2017; 42(6): 368–371.
  42. Nasrallah H, Fedora R, Morton R. Successful treatment of clozapine-nonresponsive refractory hallucinations and delusions with pimavanserin, a serotonin 5HT-2A receptor inverse agonist. Schizophr Res. 2019; 208: 217–220.
  43. Traynor K. Pimavanserin approved for Parkinson’s-related hallucinations, delusions. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016; 73(12): 853–853.
  44. Zahodne L, Fernandez H. Pathophysiology and treatment of psychosis in parkinson’s disease. Drugs & Aging. 2008; 25(8): 665–682.
  45. Lenka A, Pagonabarraga J, Pal P, et al. Minor hallucinations in Parkinson disease: a subtle symptom with major clinical implications. Neurology. 2019; 93(6): 259–266.
  46. Lenka A, Hegde S, Arumugham S, et al. Cognitive correlates of visual and minor hallucinations in parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2021; 50(1): 44–48.
  47. Van Mierlo Tv, Foncke E, Post B, et al. Rivastigmine for minor visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial with 24 months follow‐up. Brain Behav. 2021; 11(8): e2257.
  48. MacMahon DG. Parkinson's disease nurse specialists: an important role in disease management. Neurology. 1999; 52(7 Suppl 3): 21–25.
  49. Agrawal A, Kaur R, Sidana A. Cognitive behavioral therapy-based approach for management of persistent hallucinations in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Ind Psychiatry J. 2022; 31(2): 376.
  50. Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Phraxayavong K, et al. Exploring the benefits of virtual reality-assisted therapy following cognitive-behavioral therapy for auditory hallucinations in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a proof of concept. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(10): 3169.
  51. García-Casares N, Martín-Colom J, García-Arnés J. Music therapy in Parkinson's disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018; 19(12): 1054–1062.
  52. Lennaerts-Kats H, Ebenau A, Steen Jv, et al. “No one can tell me how Parkinson’s disease will unfold”: a mixed methods case study on palliative care for people with Parkinson’s disease and their family caregivers. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022; 12(1): 207–219.

Regulations

Important: This website uses cookies. More >>

The cookies allow us to identify your computer and find out details about your last visit. They remembering whether you've visited the site before, so that you remain logged in - or to help us work out how many new website visitors we get each month. Most internet browsers accept cookies automatically, but you can change the settings of your browser to erase cookies or prevent automatic acceptance if you prefer.

By VM Media Group sp. z o.o., ul. Świętokrzyska 73 , 80–180 Gdańsk, Poland

phone:+48 58 320 94 94, fax:+48 58 320 94 60, e-mail: viamedica@viamedica.pl