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Published online: 2024-08-09

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Evaluating the risk: Group A Streptococcus as a causative agent of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis

Julia Krotofil1, Michal Pruc23, Damian Swieczkowski24, Katarzyna Solowiej1, Lukasz Szarpak256

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References

  1. Abo YN, Oliver J, McMinn A, et al. Increase in invasive Group A streptococcal disease among Australian children coinciding with northern hemisphere surges. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2023; 41: 100873.
  2. Walker MJ, Barnett TC, McArthur JD, et al. Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014; 27(2): 264–301.
  3. Steer AC, Lamagni T, Curtis N, et al. Invasive group a streptococcal disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management. Drugs. 2012; 72(9): 1213–1227.
  4. Amerson SJ, Hoffman M, Abouzahr F, et al. Sequential extracorporeal therapy of pathogen removal followed by cell-directed extracorporeal therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome refractory to venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report. Crit Care Explor. 2024; 6(3): e1058.
  5. Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) (Streptococcus pyogenes) 2010 Case Definition. https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/streptococcal-toxic-shock-syndrome-2010/ (22.07.2024).
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  7. Paz Maya S, Dualde Beltrán D, Lemercier P, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: an urgent diagnosis. Skeletal Radiol. 2014; 43(5): 577–589.
  8. Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, et al. The LRINEC (laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32(7): 1535–1541.