Epidemiology and risk factors for traumas in kitesurfing with particular regard to head and spine injuries — a narrative review

Abstract

Kitesurfing is becoming more and more popular every year and this year it was introduced into the Olympic Games program for the first time. Combining elements of surfing, wakeboarding, and windsurfing, this sport is considered extreme with an injury risk ranging from 5.4 to 10.5 injuries per 1,000 hours of kitesurfing, increasing to 16.6 injuries per 1,000 hours during competitions. Although most injuries in this sport, where a kitesurfer can accelerate to 35–55 knots and jump to heights of 15 meters, are not life-threatening, serious accidents can occur that may have long-term consequences or even be fatal. Head and spine injuries, which represent 2.9–34.0% and 2.0–16.7% of all reported injuries respectively, are particularly concerning due to their potential neurological consequences. Through analysis of the available literature, it was found that injury risk is influenced by multiple factors, including environmental conditions, equipment type, and experience level. Most injuries occur in shallow water or on the beach, often during launching or landing. While modern safety equipment like quick-release systems has significantly reduced certain risks, the increasing popularity of the sport presents new challenges, such as overcrowding of kitesurfing venues. Preventive measures, including mandatory helmet use during competitions, proper training under qualified instructors, physical conditioning, and designated kitesurfing areas, have shown promise in reducing injury risk. The sport's inclusion in the 2024 Olympics may lead to increased participation and potentially more injuries, emphasizing the importance of implementing comprehensive safety measures and continuing injury surveillance.