Wyszuk. zaawans.

Tom 19, Nr 1 (2022)
Wytyczne / stanowisko ekspertów
Opublikowany online: 2022-05-26
Dodaj do koszyka: 49,00 PLN
Wyświetlenia strony 1163
Wyświetlenia/pobrania artykułu 37
Pobierz cytowanie

Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Kardiologiczno-reumatologiczne stanowisko ekspertów dotyczące leczenia bezobjawowej hiperurykemii u pacjentów obciążonych wysokim ryzykiem sercowo-naczyniowym

Marcin Barylski1, Bogdan Batko2, Krzysztof J. Filipiak3, Artur Mamcarz4, Maria Rell-Bakalarska5, Włodzimierz Samborski6, Piotr Wiland7
DOI: 10.5603/ChSiN.a2022.2001
Choroby Serca i Naczyń 2022;19(1):1-18.

Streszczenie

Brak

Artykuł dostępny w formacie PDF

Dodaj do koszyka: 49,00 PLN

Posiadasz dostęp do tego artykułu?

Referencje

  1. Kratzer JT, Lanaspa MA, Murphy MN, et al. Evolutionary history and metabolic insights of ancient mammalian uricases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111(10): 3763–3768.
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. Samborski W, Brzosko M. Dna moczanowa i inne choroby wywołane przez kryształy. In: Brzosko M, Fliciński J, Prajs K. ed. Reumatologia praktyczna. Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa 2011.
  3. Ragab G, Elshahaly M, Bardin T. Gout: an old disease in new perspective — a review. J Adv Res. 2017; 8(5): 495–511.
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. Bardin T, Richette P. Impact of comorbidities on gout and hyperuricaemia: an update on prevalence and treatment options. BMC Med. 2017; 15(1): 123.
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. Conen D, Wietlisbach V, Bovet P, et al. Prevalence of hyperuricemia and relation of serum uric acid with cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country. BMC Public Health. 2004; 4: 9.
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. Qiu L, Cheng Xq, Wu J, et al. Prevalence of hyperuricemia and its related risk factors in healthy adults from Northern and Northeastern Chinese provinces. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 664.
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63(10): 3136–3141.
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. Chen-Xu M, Yokose C, Rai SK, et al. Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019; 71(6): 991–999.
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. Kumar AU, Browne LD, Li X, et al. Temporal trends in hyperuricaemia in the Irish health system from 2006–2014: a cohort study. PLoS One. 2018; 13(5): e0198197.
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. Perez-Ruiz F, Calabozo M, Pijoan JI, et al. Effect of urate-lowering therapy on the velocity of size reduction of tophi in chronic gout. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 47(4): 356–360.
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. Kuo CF, Grainge MJ, Zhang W, et al. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015; 11(11): 649–662.
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. Hall AP, Barry PE, Dawber TR, et al. Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia. A long-term population study. Am J Med. 1967; 42(1): 27–37.
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. Schlesinger N, Norquist JM, Watson DJ. Serum urate during acute gout. J Rheumatol. 2009; 36(6): 1287–1289.
    CrossRefPubMed
  14. Prasad M, Matteson EL, Herrmann J, et al. Uric acid is associated with inflammation, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and adverse outcomes in postmenopausal women. Hypertension. 2017; 69(2): 236–242.
    CrossRefPubMed
  15. Farquharson CAJ, Butler R, Hill A, et al. Allopurinol improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2002; 106(2): 221–226.
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. Watanabe S, Kang DH, Feng L, et al. Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity. Hypertension. 2002; 40(3): 355–360.
    CrossRefPubMed
  17. Lin C, Zhang Pu, Xue Y, et al. Link of renal microcirculatory dysfunction to increased coronary microcirculatory resistance in hypertensive patients. Cardiol J. 2017; 24(6): 623–632.
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. Kang DH, Park SK, Lee IK, et al. Uric acid-induced C-reactive protein expression: implication on cell proliferation and nitric oxide production of human vascular cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005; 16(12): 3553–3562.
    CrossRefPubMed
  19. Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, et al. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2008; 26(2): 269–275.
    CrossRefPubMed
  20. Kang DH, Han L, Ouyang X, et al. Uric acid causes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by entering cells via a functional urate transporter. Am J Nephrol. 2005; 25(5): 425–433.
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. Feig DI, Nakagawa T, Karumanchi SA, et al. Hypothesis: uric acid, nephron number, and the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Kidney Int. 2004; 66(1): 281–287.
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. Lee JE, Kim YG, Choi YH, et al. Serum uric acid is associated with microalbuminuria in prehypertension. Hypertension. 2006; 47(5): 962–967.
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. Iseki K, Oshiro S, Tozawa M, et al. Significance of hyperuricemia on the early detection of renal failure in a cohort of screened subjects. Hypertens Res. 2001; 24(6): 691–697.
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004; 114(12): 1752–1761.
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. Cannon PJ, Stason WB, Demartini FE, et al. Hyperuricemia in primary and renal hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1966; 275(9): 457–464.
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. Ford ES, Li C, Cook S, et al. Serum concentrations of uric acid and the metabolic syndrome among US children and adolescents. Circulation. 2007; 115(19): 2526–2532.
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. Puig JG, Martínez MA, Mora M, et al. Hyperuricemia, gout and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008; 20(2): 187–191.
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. Tuttle KR, Short RA, Johnson RJ. Sex differences in uric acid and risk factors for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87(12): 1411–1414.
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. Dehghan A, van Hoek M, Sijbrands EJG, et al. High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(2): 361–362.
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. Schretlen DJ, Inscore AB, Vannorsdall TD, et al. Serum uric acid and brain ischemia in normal elderly adults. Neurology. 2007; 69(14): 1418–1423.
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. Lehto S, Niskanen L, Rönnemaa T, et al. Serum uric acid is a strong predictor of stroke in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Stroke. 1998; 29(3): 635–639.
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. Yu KH, Kuo CF, Luo SF, et al. Risk of end-stage renal disease associated with gout: a nationwide population study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012; 14(2): R83.
    CrossRefPubMed
  33. Abbott RD, Brand FN, Kannel WB, et al. Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation. 30-year follow-up in the Framingham Study. JAMA. 1985; 254(24): 3449–3453.
    PubMed
  34. De Vera MA, Rahman MM, Bhole V, et al. Independent impact of gout on the risk of acute myocardial infarction among elderly women: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69(6): 1162–1164.
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. Borghi C, Rosei EA, Bardin T, et al. Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. J Hypertens. 2015; 33(9): 1729–41; discussion 1741.
    CrossRefPubMed
  36. Kleber ME, Delgado G, Grammer TB, et al. Uric acid and cardiovascular events: a Mendelian randomization study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 26(11): 2831–2838.
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. Yan D, Wang J, Jiang F, et al. A causal relationship between uric acid and diabetic macrovascular disease in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients: A Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2016; 214: 194–199.
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. Kuwabara M, Borghi C, Cicero AFG, et al. Elevated serum uric acid increases risks for developing high LDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia: A five-year cohort study in Japan. Int J Cardiol. 2018; 261: 183–188.
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. Borghi C, Desideri G. Urate-lowering drugs and prevention of cardiovascular disease: the emerging role of xanthine oxidase inhibition. Hypertension. 2016; 67(3): 496–498.
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. Bove M, Cicero AF, Veronesi M, et al. An evidence-based review on urate-lowering treatments: implications for optimal treatment of chronic hyperuricemia. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2017; 13: 23–28.
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. Lurbe E, Torro MI, Alvarez-Pitti J, et al. Uric acid is linked to cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese youths. J Hypertens. 2018; 36(9): 1840–1846.
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. Jalal DI, Chonchol M, Chen W, et al. Uric acid as a target of therapy in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013; 61(1): 134–146.
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. Shadick NA, Kim R, Weiss S, et al. Effect of low level lead exposure on hyperuricemia and gout among middle aged and elderly men: the normative aging study. J Rheumatol. 2000; 27(7): 1708–1712.
    PubMed
  44. Krishnan E, Kwoh CK, Schumacher HR, et al. Hyperuricemia and incidence of hypertension among men without metabolic syndrome. Hypertension. 2007; 49(2): 298–303.
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. Mellen PB, Bleyer AJ, Erlinger TP, et al. Serum uric acid predicts incident hypertension in a biethnic cohort: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Hypertension. 2006; 48(6): 1037–1042.
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. Grayson PC, Kim SY, LaValley M, et al. Hyperuricemia and incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011; 63(1): 102–110.
    CrossRefPubMed
  47. Bombelli M, Ronchi I, Volpe M, et al. Prognostic value of serum uric acid: new-onset in and out-of-office hypertension and long-term mortality. J Hypertens. 2014; 32(6): 1237–1244.
    CrossRefPubMed
  48. Perlstein TS, Gumieniak O, Williams GH, et al. Uric acid and the development of hypertension: the normative aging study. Hypertension. 2006; 48(6): 1031–1036.
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC, et al. Plasma uric acid level and risk for incident hypertension among men. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18(1): 287–292.
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. Zhang W, Sun K, Yang Y, et al. Plasma uric acid and hypertension in a Chinese community: prospective study and metaanalysis. Clin Chem. 2009; 55(11): 2026–2034.
    CrossRefPubMed
  51. Shankar A, Klein R, Klein BEK, et al. The association between serum uric acid level and long-term incidence of hypertension: Population-based cohort study. J Hum Hypertens. 2006; 20(12): 937–945.
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. Sundström J, Sullivan L, D'Agostino RB, et al. Relations of serum uric acid to longitudinal blood pressure tracking and hypertension incidence. Hypertension. 2005; 45(1): 28–33.
    CrossRefPubMed
  53. Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, et al. Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the Rotterdam study. Stroke. 2006; 37(6): 1503–1507.
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. Tscharre M, Herman R, Rohla M, et al. Uric acid is associated with long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 2018; 270: 173–179.
    CrossRefPubMed
  55. Holme I, Aastveit AH, Hammar N, et al. Uric acid and risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and congestive heart failure in 417,734 men and women in the Apolipoprotein MOrtality RISk study (AMORIS). J Intern Med. 2009; 266(6): 558–570.
    CrossRefPubMed
  56. Crosta F, Occhiuzzi U, Passalacqua G, et al. Association between the serum uric acid levels and lacunar infarcts in the elderly. J Mol Neurosci. 2018; 65(3): 385–390.
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. Kim SY, Guevara JP, Kim KMi, et al. Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 61(7): 885–892.
    CrossRefPubMed
  58. Zhong C, Zhong X, Xu T, et al. Sex-specific relationship between serum uric acid and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6(4).
    CrossRefPubMed
  59. Li J, Muraki I, Imano H, et al. CIRCS investigators. Serum uric acid and risk of stroke and its types: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Hypertens Res. 2020; 43(4): 313–321.
    CrossRefPubMed
  60. Li S, Cheng J, Cui L, et al. Cohort Study of Repeated Measurements of Serum Urate and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019; 8(13): e012020.
    CrossRefPubMed
  61. Hong M, Park JW, Yang PS, et al. A mendelian randomization analysis: the causal association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020; 50(10): e13300.
    CrossRefPubMed
  62. Juraschek SP, Kovell LC, Miller ER, et al. Association of kidney disease with prevalent gout in the United States in 1988–1994 and 2007-2010. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013; 42(6): 551–561.
    CrossRefPubMed
  63. Jing J, Kielstein JT, Schultheiss UT, et al. Prevalence and correlates of gout in a large cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease: the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014; 30(4): 613–621.
    CrossRef
  64. Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Jalal D, et al. Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: which is chasing which? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28(9): 2221–2228.
    CrossRefPubMed
  65. Hsu Cy, Iribarren C, McCulloch CE, et al. Risk factors for end-stage renal disease: 25-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169(4): 342–350.
    CrossRefPubMed
  66. Myllymäki J, Honkanen T, Syrjänen J, et al. Uric acid correlates with the severity of histopathological parameters in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005; 20(1): 89–95.
    CrossRefPubMed
  67. Liu P, Chen Y, Wang B, et al. Allopurinol treatment improves renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: 3-year randomized parallel-controlled study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015; 83(4): 475–482.
    CrossRefPubMed
  68. Hart A, Jackson S, Kasiske BL, et al. Uric acid and allograft loss from interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy: post hoc analysis from the angiotensin II blockade in chronic allograft nephropathy trial. Transplantation. 2014; 97(10): 1066–1071.
    CrossRefPubMed
  69. Bellomo G, Venanzi S, Verdura C, et al. Association of uric acid with change in kidney function in healthy normotensive individuals. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010; 56(2): 264–272.
    CrossRefPubMed
  70. Stack AG, Hanley A, Casserly LF, et al. Independent and conjoint associations of gout and hyperuricaemia with total and cardiovascular mortality. QJM. 2013; 106(7): 647–658.
    CrossRefPubMed
  71. Ioachimescu AG, Brennan DM, Hoar BM, et al. Serum uric acid is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a preventive cardiology information system (PreCIS) database cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 58(2): 623–630.
    CrossRefPubMed
  72. Choi HK, Curhan G. Independent impact of gout on mortality and risk for coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2007; 116(8): 894–900.
    CrossRefPubMed
  73. Desideri G, Virdis A, Casiglia E, et al. Working Group on Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Risk of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Exploration into uric and cardiovascular disease: Uric Acid Right for heArt Health (URRAH) Project, A Study Protocol for a Retrospective Observational Study. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018; 25(2): 197–202.
    CrossRefPubMed
  74. Virdis A, Masi S, Casiglia E, et al. from the Working Group on Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Risk of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Identification of the uric acid thresholds predicting an increased total and cardiovascular mortality over 20 years. Hypertension. 2020; 75(2): 302–308.
    CrossRefPubMed
  75. Perticone M, Tripepi G, Maio R, et al. Risk reclassification ability of uric acid for cardiovascular outcomes in essential hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 243: 473–478.
    CrossRefPubMed
  76. Dutta A, Henley W, Pilling LC, et al. Uric acid measurement improves prediction of cardiovascular mortality in later life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013; 61(3): 319–326.
    CrossRefPubMed
  77. Tscharre M, Herman R, Rohla M, et al. Uric acid is associated with long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 2018; 270: 173–179.
    CrossRefPubMed
  78. Zalawadiya SK, Veeranna V, Mallikethi-Reddy S, et al. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease risk reclassification: findings from NHANES III. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015; 22(4): 513–518.
    CrossRefPubMed
  79. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Virdis A, et al. from the Working Group on Uric Acid, Cardiovascular Risk of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Serum uric acid, predicts heart failure in a large Italian cohort: search for a cut-off value the URic acid Right for heArt Health study. J Hypertens. 2021; 39(1): 62–69.
    CrossRefPubMed
  80. Huang G, Qin J, Deng X, et al. Prognostic value of serum uric acid in patients with acute heart failure: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(8): e14525.
    CrossRefPubMed
  81. Commissioner, Office of the “Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products — Febuxostat (Brand Name Uloric): Drug Safety Communication — FDA to Evaluate Increased Risk of Heart-related Death”. http://www.FDA.gov (November 17, 2017).
  82. Wang M, Zhang Yi, Zhang M, et al. The major cardiovascular events of febuxostat versus allopurinol in treating gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021; 10(10): 10327–10337.
    CrossRefPubMed
  83. Zhang S, Xu T, Shi Q, et al. Cardiovascular safety offebuxostat and allopurinol in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a network meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021; 8: 698437.
    CrossRefPubMed
  84. Gao L, Wang B, Pan Y, et al. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared to allopurinol for the treatment of gout: A systematic and meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2021; 44(7): 907–916.
    CrossRefPubMed
  85. Ying H, Yuan H, Tang X, et al. Impact of serum uric acid lowering and contemporary uric acid-lowering therapies on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021; 8: 641062.
    CrossRefPubMed
  86. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021; 42(36): 3599–3726.
    CrossRefPubMed
  87. White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al. CARES Investigators. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(13): 1200–1210.
    CrossRefPubMed
  88. World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines — 22nd List, 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  89. Richette P, Perez-Ruiz F, Doherty M, et al. Improving cardiovascular and renal outcomes in gout: what should we target? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014; 10(11): 654–661.
    CrossRefPubMed
  90. Okafor ON, Farrington K, Gorog DA. Allopurinol as a therapeutic option in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 172: 139–150.
    CrossRefPubMed
  91. Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C. Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol. Pharmacol Rev. 2006; 58(1): 87–114.
    CrossRefPubMed
  92. Wei Li, Mackenzie IS, Chen Y, et al. Impact of allopurinol use on urate concentration and cardiovascular outcome. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011; 71(4): 600–607.
    CrossRefPubMed
  93. Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ, et al. Diuretic-induced hyperuricemia does not decrease cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens. 2004; 22(7): 1415–7; author reply 1417.
    PubMed
  94. Wei L, Fahey T, Struthers AD, et al. Association between allopurinol and mortality in heart failure patients: a long-term follow-up study. Int J Clin Pract. 2009; 63(9): 1327–1333.
    CrossRefPubMed
  95. Luk AJ, Levin GP, Moore EE, et al. Allopurinol and mortality in hyperuricaemic patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009; 48(7): 804–806.
    CrossRefPubMed
  96. Dubreuil M, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, et al. Allopurinol initiation and all-cause mortality in the general population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015; 74(7): 1368–1372.
    CrossRefPubMed
  97. Noman A, Ang DSC, Ogston S, et al. Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2010; 375(9732): 2161–2167.
    CrossRefPubMed
  98. Rekhraj S, Gandy SJ, Szwejkowski BR, et al. High-dose allopurinol reduces left ventricular mass in patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61(9): 926–932.
    CrossRefPubMed
  99. Higgins P, Dawson J, Lees KR, et al. Xanthine oxidase inhibition for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Ther. 2012; 30(4): 217–226.
    CrossRefPubMed
  100. George J, Carr E, Davies J, et al. High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid. Circulation. 2006; 114(23): 2508–2516.
    CrossRefPubMed
  101. Beattie CJ, Fulton RL, Higgins P, et al. Allopurinol initiation and change in blood pressure in older adults with hypertension. Hypertension. 2014; 64(5): 1102–1107.
    CrossRefPubMed
  102. Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008; 300(8): 924–932.
    CrossRefPubMed
  103. Agarwal V, Hans N, Messerli FH. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013; 15(6): 435–442.
    CrossRefPubMed
  104. Qu LH, Jiang H, Chen JH. Effect of uric acid-lowering therapy on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2017; 49(2): 142–156.
    CrossRefPubMed
  105. Kostka-Jeziorny K, Uruski P, Tykarski A. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure and aortic compliance in hypertensive patients. Blood Press. 2011; 20(2): 104–110.
    CrossRefPubMed
  106. Khan F, George J, Wong K, et al. Allopurinol treatment reduces arterial wave reflection in stroke survivors. Cardiovasc Ther. 2008; 26(4): 247–252.
    CrossRefPubMed
  107. MacIsaac RL, Salatzki J, Higgins P, et al. Allopurinol and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with hypertension. Hypertension. 2016; 67(3): 535–540.
    CrossRefPubMed
  108. Thanassoulis G, Brophy JM, Richard H, et al. Gout, allopurinol use, and heart failure outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(15): 1358–1364.
    CrossRefPubMed
  109. Hare JM, Mangal B, Brown J, et al. OPT-CHF Investigators. Impact of oxypurinol in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Results of the OPT-CHF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(24): 2301–2309.
    CrossRefPubMed
  110. Givertz MM, Anstrom KJ, Redfield MM, et al. NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition in hyperuricemic heart failure patients: the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition for Hyperuricemic Heart Failure Patients (EXACT-HF) Study. Circulation. 2015; 131(20): 1763–1771.
    CrossRefPubMed
  111. Cleland JGF, Coletta AP, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the Heart Failure Society of America meeting: FIX-CHF-4, selective cardiac myosin activator and OPT-CHF. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006; 8(7): 764–766.
    CrossRefPubMed
  112. Freudenberger RS, Schwarz RP, Brown J, et al. Rationale, design and organisation of an efficacy and safety study of oxypurinol added to standard therapy in patients with NYHA class III - IV congestive heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2004; 13(11): 1509–1516.
    CrossRefPubMed
  113. George J, Struthers A. The OPT-CHF (Oxypurinol Therapy for Congestive Heart Failure) trial: a question of dose. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53(25): 2405.
    CrossRefPubMed
  114. Hare JM, Mangal B, Brown J, et al. OPT-CHF Investigators. Impact of oxypurinol in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Results of the OPT-CHF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(24): 2301–2309.
    CrossRefPubMed
  115. Borghi C, Rosei EA, Bardin T, et al. Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. J Hypertens. 2015; 33(9): 1729–1741; discussion 1741.
    CrossRefPubMed
  116. Kanji T, Gandhi M, Clase CM, et al. Urate lowering therapy to improve renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2015; 16: 58.
    CrossRefPubMed
  117. Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, et al. Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5(8): 1388–1393.
    CrossRefPubMed
  118. Su X, Xu B, Yan B, et al. Effects of uric acid-lowering therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017; 12(11): e0187550.
    CrossRefPubMed
  119. Sampson AL, Singer RF, Walters GD. Uric acid lowering therapies for preventing or delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 10: CD009460.
    CrossRefPubMed
  120. Levy GD, Rashid N, Niu F, et al. Effect of urate-lowering therapies on renal disease progression in patients with hyperuricemia. J Rheumatol. 2014; 41(5): 955–962.
    CrossRefPubMed
  121. Li Q, Li X, Wang J, et al. Diagnosis and treatment for hyperuricaemia and gout: a protocol for a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(6): e014928.
    CrossRefPubMed
  122. Tykarski A, Filipiak KJ, Januszewicz A, et al. Zasady postępowania w nadciśnieniu tętniczym — 2019 rok. Nadcis Tętn Prakt. 2019; 5(1): 1–86.
  123. Borghi C, Domienik-Karłowicz J, Tykarski A, et al. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of patient with hyperuricemia and high cardiovascular risk: 2021 update. Cardiol J. 2021; 28(1): 1–14.
    CrossRefPubMed
  124. Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. American College of Rheumatology. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012; 64(10): 1431–1446.
    CrossRefPubMed
  125. Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017; 76(1): 29–42.
    CrossRefPubMed
  126. Hui M, Carr A, Cameron S, et al. British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working Group, British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working Group, British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working Group. The British Society for Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017; 56(7): e1–e20.
    CrossRefPubMed
  127. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(1): 111–188.
    CrossRefPubMed
  128. Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011; 23(2): 192–202.
    CrossRefPubMed
  129. Jacob RA, Spinozzi GM, Simon VA, et al. Consumption of cherries lowers plasma urate in healthy women. J Nutr. 2003; 133(6): 1826–1829.
    CrossRefPubMed
  130. Schlesinger N. Dietary factors and hyperuricaemia. Curr Pharm Des. 2005; 11(32): 4133–4138.
    CrossRefPubMed
  131. Dalbeth N, So A. Hyperuricaemia and gout: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69(10): 1738–1743.
    CrossRefPubMed
  132. https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ (February 10, 2022).
  133. Charakterystyka Produktu Leczniczego, Milurit, tabletki 100 mg. https://leki.urpl.gov.pl/files/Milurit_tabl_100_300_allopurinol.pdf (February 10, 2022).
  134. Charakterystyka Produktu Leczniczego, Denofix, tabletki 80 mg. https://leki.urpl.gov.pl/files/48_Denofix_tabl_powl_80mg_25081.pdf (February 10, 2022).
  135. Deeks ED. Lesinurad: a review in hyperuricaemia of gout. Drugs Aging. 2017; 34(5): 401–410.
    CrossRefPubMed

Informacje o plikach cookie

Niezbędne pliki cookie

Zawsze aktywne

Te pliki cookie są niezbędne do prawidłowego wyświetlania i działania strony internetowej. Zablokowanie ich może spowodować nieprawidłowe działanie strony.

Analityczne pliki cookie

W ramach naszej strony internetowej korzystamy z narzędzi analitycznych, takich jak Google Analytics, które umożliwiają nam weryfikację ruchu na stronie internetowej. Narzędzia te mogą wymagać użycia plików cookie.

Społecznościowe pliki cookie

Są to pliki cookie powiązane z portalami społecznościowymi, z których korzystamy. Zaakceptowanie ich pozwoli na powiązanie Twojej wizyty na stronie z naszymi profilami w mediach społecznościowych.

Marketingowe pliki cookie

Są to pliki cookie odpowiedzialne za prowadzenie działań reklamowych i marketingowych - zgoda na ich wykorzystanie pozwoli nam kierować do Ciebie reklamy, bazujące na podstawie Twoich wcześniejszych aktywności w ramach naszej stronie internetowej.

Choroby Serca i Naczyń

O Via Medica Reklama
Księgarnia (Ikamed) TVMed
Aktualności
Copyright © 2023 Via Medica Regulations Cookie policy Privacy policy Legal Notice