Rehospitalizacje w niewydolności serca z upośledzoną funkcją lewej komory — strategie zapobiegania
Streszczenie
Niewydolność serca (HF) w krajach rozwiniętych dotyczy ponad 10% populacji powyżej 70. roku życia, stanowiąc tym samym ważny problem zarówno zdrowotny, społeczny, jak i ekonomiczny. Szacuje się, że obecnie w Polsce na HF cierpi 600 000–700 000 osób. Mimo postępu, jaki się dokonał w ostatnich 30 latach w zakresie farmakoterapii niewydolności serca z istotnie upośledzoną funkcją skurczową lewej komory (HFrEF) (wdrożenie inhibitorów konwertazy angiotensyny [ACEI], blokerów receptora angiotensyny II [ARB], antagonistów receptora mineralokortykoidowgo [MRA] oraz iwabradyny) rokowanie pacjentów z tej grupy pozostaje niekorzystne. Jednym z głównych czynników istotnie zwiększających współczynnik śmiertelności w tej grupie chorych jest wysoki odsetek ponownych hospitalizacji (w ciągu roku dla ostrej HF — 43,9%; dla przewlekłej HF — 31,9%). Tym samym HF stanowi również wiodącą przyczynę rehospitalizacji pacjentów powyżej 65. roku życia. W sytuacji nadmiernego obciążenia oddziałów kardiologicznych i niedostatecznego finansowania hospitalizacji pacjentów z HF istnieje bardzo duże niebezpieczeństwo skracania okresu pobytu w szpitalu poniżej bezpiecznego minimum. Przy czym powszechny i wczesny dostęp do kardiologa wciąż stanowi problem dla wielu pacjentów z HF. W efekcie wczesne rehospitalizacje są w wielu przypadkach wynikiem nieoptymalnego wyrównania w trakcie hospitalizacji, utrudnionego wczesnego dostępu do specjalisty po wypisaniu ze szpitala, a także braku sprecyzowanego planu dalszej opieki ambulatoryjnej zarówno w zakresie terminu najbliższej wizyty, jak i eskalacji farmakoterapii. Świadomość problemów codziennej opieki nad pacjentem z HFrEF oraz czynników ryzyka rehospitalizacji i gorszego rokowania może stanowić nieocenioną pomoc w wyłonieniu z szerokiej grupy chorych z HFrEF tych, którzy wymagają wzmożonej czujności i częstszych kontroli w poradni specjalistycznej.
Słowa kluczowe: niewydolność sercarehospitalizacjeprzyczynyzapobieganie
Referencje
- Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. Authors/Task Force Members, Document Reviewers. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016; 18(8): 891–975.
- Rywik TM, Kołodziej P, Targoński R, et al. Characteristics of the heart failure population in Poland: ZOPAN, a multicentre national programme. Kardiol Pol. 2011; 69(1): 24–31.
- Rywik TM, Zieliński T, Piotrowski W, et al. Heart failure patients from hospital settings in Poland: population characteristics and treatment patterns, a multicenter retrospective study. Cardiol J. 2008; 15(2): 169–180.
- Jhund PS, Macintyre K, Simpson CR, et al. Long-term trends in first hospitalization for heart failure and subsequent survival between 1986 and 2003: a population study of 5.1 million people. Circulation. 2009; 119(4): 515–523.
- Marcinkiewicz M, Ponikwicka K, Szpakowicz A, et al. Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: alarmingly poor long term prognosis. Analysis of risk factors. Kardiol Pol. 2013; 71(7): 712–720.
- Maggioni AP, Dahlström U, Filippatos G, et al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (HFA). EURObservational Research Programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot). Eur J Heart Fail. 2013; 15(7): 808–817.
- Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA. Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360(14): 1418–1428.
- Goehler A, Geisler BP, Manne JM, et al. Decision-analytic models to simulate health outcomes and costs in heart failure: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2011; 29(9): 753–769.
- Czech M, Opolski G, Zdrojewski T, et al. Koszty HF w Polsce z punktu widzenia płatnika. Program oceny diagnostyki, leczenia i kosztów u chorych z HF w losowo wybranych jednostkach lecznictwa otwartego i zamkniętego na poziomie podstawowym, wojewódzkim i specjalalistycznym: POLKARD. Kardiologia Polska. 2013; 71(3): 224–232.
- Felker GM, Teerlink JR. Management of the patient with acute heart failure. In: Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. ed. Braunwald’s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Wydanie 10. Elsevier, Philadelphia 2014: 493–509.
- Saito M, Negishi K, Marwick TH. Meta-Analysis of Risks for Short-Term Readmission in Patients With Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 2016; 117(4): 626–632.
- Cook TD, Greene SJ, Kalogeropoulos AP, et al. Temporal Changes in Postdischarge Mortality Risk After Hospitalization for Heart Failure (from the EVEREST Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2016; 117(4): 611–616.
- Maniecka-Bryła I, Bryła M, Bryła P, et al. The burden of premature mortality in Poland analysed with the use of standard expected years of life lost. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 101.
- Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee, WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010; 121(7): e46–e215.
- Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, et al. Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) Investigators. Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2007; 116(13): 1482–1487.
- Setoguchi S, Stevenson LW, Schneeweiss S. Repeated hospitalizations predict mortality in the community population with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2007; 154(2): 260–266.
- Schiff GD, Fung S, Speroff T, et al. Decompensated heart failure: symptoms, patterns of onset, and contributing factors. Am J Med. 2003; 114(8): 625–630.
- Organisation W.H. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2014 — Poland. Secondary noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2014 — Poland 2014. http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/pol_en.pdf?ua=1 (29.08.2016).
- Narodowy Program Zdrowia na lata 2007–2015. Załącznik do uchwały nr 90/2007 Rady Ministrów z dnia 15 maja 2007 r. http://www2.mz.gov.pl/wwwfiles/ma_struktura/docs/zal_urm__npz_90_15052007p.pdf (29.08.2016).
- Ponikowski P, Anker S, AlHabib K, et al. Heart failure: preventing disease and death worldwide. ESC Heart Failure. 2014.
- Cowie M, Anker S, Cleland J, et al. Improving care for patients with acute heart failure: before, during and after hospitalization. ESC Heart Failure. 2015; 1(2): 110–145.
- Piepoli MF, Corrà U, Benzer W, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010; 17(1): 1–17.
- Habal MV, Liu PP, Austin PC, et al. Association of heart rate at hospital discharge with mortality and hospitalizations in patients with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2014; 7(1): 12–20.
- De Ferrari GM, Mazzuero A, Agnesina L, et al. Favourable effects of heart rate reduction with intravenous administration of ivabradine in patients with advanced heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008; 10(6): 550–555.
- Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Dosing of beta-blocker therapy before, during, and after hospitalization for heart failure (from Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure). Am J Cardiol. 2008; 102(11): 1524–1529.
- Jankowska EA, Kurian B, Banasiak W, et al. Are there relationships between high resting heart rate and not optimal doses of beta-blockers in outpatients with systolic heart failure in contemporary Poland? Results of DATA-HELP study. Eur. Heart J. 2012; 33(supl. 1): 808.
- Komajda M, Anker SD, Cowie MR, et al. QUALIFY Investigators. Physicians' adherence to guideline-recommended medications in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: data from the QUALIFY global survey. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016; 18(5): 514–522.
- Böhm M, Borer J, Ford I, et al. Heart rate at baseline influences the effect of ivabradine on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic heart failure: analysis from the SHIFT study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2013; 102(1): 11–22.
- Gierczyński J, Gryglewicz J, Karczewicz E, Zalewska H. Niewydolność serca — analiza kosztów ekonomicznych i społecznych. Uczelnia Łazarskiego, Warszawa 2013.
- Desai AS, Stevenson LW. Rehospitalization for heart failure: predict or prevent? Circulation. 2012; 126(4): 501–506.
- Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, et al. Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015; 17(6): 544–558.
- Rosman M, Rachminov O, Segal O, et al. Prolonged patients' In-Hospital Waiting Period after discharge eligibility is associated with increased risk of infection, morbidity and mortality: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015; 15: 246.
- Krantz MJ, Havranek EP, Haynes DK, et al. Inpatient initiation of beta-blockade plus nurse management in vulnerable heart failure patients: a randomized study. J Card Fail. 2008; 14(4): 303–309.
- Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, Gallup DS, et al. IMPACT-HF Investigators and Coordinators. Predischarge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: results of the Initiation Management Predischarge: Process for Assessment of Carvedilol Therapy in Heart Failure (IMPACT-HF) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43(9): 1534–1541.
- Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. OPTIMIZE-HF Investigators and Coordinators. Carvedilol use at discharge in patients hospitalized for heart failure is associated with improved survival: an analysis from Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). Am Heart J. 2007; 153(1): 82.e1–82.11.
- Hidalgo FJ, Anguita M, Castillo JC, et al. Effect of early treatment with ivabradine combined with beta-blockers versus beta-blockers alone in patients hospitalised with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (ETHIC-AHF): A randomised study. Int J Cardiol. 2016; 217: 7–11.
- Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA. 1995; 273(18): 1450–1456.
- Girerd N, Collier T, Pocock S, et al. Clinical benefits of eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms when initiated shortly after hospital discharge: analysis from the EMPHASIS-HF trial. Eur Heart J. 2015; 36(34): 2310–2317.
- McMurray JJV, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003; 362(9386): 767–771.
- Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003; 362(9386): 777–781.
- Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators. Circulation. 1996; 94(11): 2807–2816.
- Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation. 1999; 100(23): 2312–2318.
- Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, et al. SHIFT Investigators. Effects on outcomes of heart rate reduction by ivabradine in patients with congestive heart failure: is there an influence of beta-blocker dose?: findings from the SHIFT (Systolic Heart failure treatment with the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine Trial) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 59(22): 1938–1945.
- Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, et al. SHIFT Investigators. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9744): 875–885.
- Reil JC, Tardif JC, Ford I, et al. Selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine unloads the left ventricle in heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62(21): 1977–1985.
- Kasprzak JD, Stepinska J, Wozakowska-Kaplon B, et al. Optymalna częstość rytmu serca — aktualny cel terapii kardiologicznej. Stanowisko grupy ekspertów Sekcji Farmakoterapii Sercowo-Naczyniowej skiego Towarzystwa ogicznego. Kardiol Pol. 2012; 70: 1081–1094.
- Drouin A, Gendron ME, Thorin E, et al. Chronic heart rate reduction by ivabradine prevents endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2008; 154(4): 749–757.
- Li B, Zhang J, Wang Z, et al. Ivabradine Prevents Low Shear Stress Induced Endothelial Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via mTOR/eNOS Pathway. PLoS One. 2016; 11(2): e0149694.
- Komajda M, Tavazzi L, Swedberg K, et al. SHIFT Investigators. Chronic exposure to ivabradine reduces readmissions in the vulnerable phase after hospitalization for worsening systolic heart failure: a post-hoc analysis of SHIFT. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016; 18(9): 1182–1189.
- Bagriy AE, Shchukina EV, Malovichko SI, et al. ADDITION OF IVABRADINE TO CARVEDILOL REDUCES DURATION OF CARVEDILOL UPTITRATION AND IMPROVES EXERCISE CAPACITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 61(10): E700.
- Jankowska EA, Kalicinska E, Drozd M, et al. Comparison of clinical profile and management of outpatients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction treated by general practitioners and cardiologists in contemporary Poland: the results from the DATA-HELP registry. Int J Cardiol. 2014; 176(3): 852–858.
- Jankowska EA, Kurian B, Zajaczkowski C, et al. Management of patients with systolic heart failure by cardiologists versus general practitioners in Poland: do we implement ESC guidelines efficiently? Eur. Heart J. 2011; 32(abstract supl.): 919.
- Abraham W, Adamson P, Bourge R, et al. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2011; 377(9766): 658–666.
- Yu CM, Wang Li, Chau E, et al. Intrathoracic impedance monitoring in patients with heart failure: correlation with fluid status and feasibility of early warning preceding hospitalization. Circulation. 2005; 112(6): 841–848.
- Shochat MK, Shotan A, Blondheim DS, et al. Non-Invasive Lung IMPEDANCE-Guided Preemptive Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial (IMPEDANCE-HF Trial). J Card Fail. 2016; 22(9): 713–722.