„Ślachetne zdrowie, Nikt się nie dowie, Jako smakujesz, Aż się zepsujesz…” – czyli o wpływie alkoholu na zdrowie. Przegląd badań i literatury.
Streszczenie
Alkohol i napoje alkoholowe zawierają etanol, który jest substancją psychoaktywną, toksyczną, o właściwościach uzależniających. Jest szeroko stosowany w wielu kulturach od stuleci co wiąże się ze znacznymi zagrożeniami dla zdrowia. Polska od wielu lat znajduje się wśród krajów o najwyższym spożyciu alkoholu, a jego konsumpcja stale wzrasta, znacznie przekraczając światowy poziom. Poniższe opracowanie w szczegółowy sposób przedstawia epidemiologię spożycia alkoholu w Polsce i na świecie, omawia dopuszczalne ilości alkoholu w różnych zaleceniach towarzystw naukowych, analizuje konsekwencje zdrowotne związane ze spożywaniem alkoholu oraz zgłębia problem jakości badań naukowych analizujących wpływ alkoholu na zdrowie.
Słowa kluczowe: alkoholabstynencjabadanie klinicznewytycznezaburzenia związane ze spożywaniem alkoholu
Referencje
- Surma S, Gajos G. Alcohol, health loss, and mortality: can wine really save the good name of moderate alcohol consumption? Pol Arch Intern Med. 2024; 134(4).
- Surma S, Więcek A. Alcohol and health. Is regular drinking of small doses of alcohol really good for your health? Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis. 2022; 7: e49–e59.
- GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators, GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018; 392(10152): 1015–1035.
- Manthey J, Shield KD, Rylett M, et al. Global alcohol exposure between 1990 and 2017 and forecasts until 2030: a modelling study. Lancet. 2019; 393(10190): 2493–2502.
- One in twelve adults in the EU consumes alcohol every day. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20210806-1 (27.11.2024).
- Burnatowska E, Surma S, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M. Relationship between Mental Health and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19).
- Risky Alcohol Use: An Epidemic Inside the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://covid19.nih.gov/news-and-stories/risky-drinking-alcohol-use-epidemic-inside-covid-19-pandemic (27.11.2024).
- Friske MM, Spanagel R. Chronic alcohol consumption and COVID-19 infection risk: A narrative review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023; 47(4): 629–639.
- van de Luitgaarden IAT, Schrieks IC, De Bacquer D, et al. EUROASPIRE V investigators group. Alcohol consumption patterns across Europe and adherence to the European guidelines in coronary patients: Findings from the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V survey. Atherosclerosis. 2020; 313: 35–42.
- STRONA NIEAKTYWNA, PROSZĘ ZWERYFIKOWAĆ LINK. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-effect-of-covid-19-on-alcohol-consumption-and-policy-responses-to-prevent-harmful-alcohol-consumption-53890024/.
- Zhao J, Stockwell T, Naimi T, et al. Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. JAMA Netw Open. 2023; 6(3): e236185.
- Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, et al. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration/EPIC-CVD/UK Biobank Alcohol Study Group. Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet. 2018; 391(10129): 1513–1523.
- Zhong L, Chen W, Wang T, et al. Alcohol and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses Base on Prospective Cohort Studies. Front Public Health. 2022; 10: 859947.
- Liu YT, Lee JH, Tsai MK, et al. The effects of modest drinking on life expectancy and mortality risks: a population-based cohort study. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1): 7476.
- Vaitkevičiūtė J, Gobiņa I, Janik-Koncewicz K, et al. Alcohol control policies reduce all-cause mortality in Baltic Countries and Poland between 2001 and 2020. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1): 6326.
- Yoo JE, Han K, Shin DW, et al. Association Between Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Cancer Risk. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5(8): e2228544.
- Tian Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, et al. Alcohol consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2023; 21(1): 208.
- Wang J, Lv J, Wang W, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of periodontitis: a meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2016; 43(7): 572–583.
- Larsson SC, Drca N, Wolk A. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64(3): 281–289.
- Tu SJ, Gallagher C, Elliott AD, et al. Risk Thresholds for Total and Beverage-Specific Alcohol Consumption and Incident Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021; 7(12): 1561–1569.
- Liu F, Liu Yu, Sun X, et al. Race- and sex-specific association between alcohol consumption and hypertension in 22 cohort studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020; 30(8): 1249–1259.
- Di Federico S, Filippini T, Whelton PK, et al. Alcohol Intake and Blood Pressure Levels: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Nonexperimental Cohort Studies. Hypertension. 2023; 80(10): 1961–1969.
- Larsson SC, Burgess S, Mason AM, et al. Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2020; 13(3): e002814.
- Biddinger KJ, Emdin CA, Haas ME, et al. Association of Habitual Alcohol Intake With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5(3): e223849.
- Cheraghi Z, Doosti-Irani A, Almasi-Hashiani A, et al. The effect of alcohol on osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019; 197: 197–202.
- Roerecke M, Vafaei A, Hasan OSM, et al. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019; 114(10): 1574–1586.
- Simou E, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee Jo. Alcohol and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018; 8(8): e022344.
- Lassen MC, Skaarup KG, Sengeløv M, et al. Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021; 18(6): 1074–1076.
- Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2015; 112(3): 580–593.
- Kassaw NA, Zhou A, Mulugeta A, et al. Alcohol consumption and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality-a linear and nonlinear Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol. 2024; 53(2).
- Taylor B, Rehm J. The relationship between alcohol consumption and fatal motor vehicle injury: high risk at low alcohol levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012; 36(10): 1827–1834.
- Lange S, Llamosas-Falcón L, Kim KV, et al. A dose-response meta-analysis on the relationship between average amount of alcohol consumed and death by suicide. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024; 260: 111348.
- Goulden R. Moderate Alcohol Consumption Is Not Associated with Reduced All-cause Mortality. Am J Med. 2016; 129(2): 180–186.e4.
- Park JE, Ryu Y, Cho SI. The Effect of Reference Group Classification and Change in Alcohol Consumption on the Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017; 41(2): 379–387.
- Stockwell T, Zhao J, Panwar S, et al. Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2016; 77(2): 185–198.
- Schutte R, Smith L, Wannamethee G. Alcohol - The myth of cardiovascular protection. Clin Nutr. 2022; 41(2): 348–355.
- Stockwell T, Zhao J, Clay J, et al. Why Do Only Some Cohort Studies Find Health Benefits From Low-Volume Alcohol Use? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Study Characteristics That May Bias Mortality Risk Estimates. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2024; 85(4): 441–452.
- Lankester J, Zanetti D, Ingelsson E, et al. Alcohol use and cardiometabolic risk in the UK Biobank: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One. 2021; 16(8): e0255801.
- Topiwala A, Taschler B, Ebmeier KP, et al. Alcohol consumption and telomere length: Mendelian randomization clarifies alcohol's effects. Mol Psychiatry. 2022; 27(10): 4001–4008.
- Probst C, Lange S, Kilian C, et al. The dose-response relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and alcohol-attributable mortality risk-a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2021; 19(1): 268.
- Jani BD, McQueenie R, Nicholl BI, et al. Association between patterns of alcohol consumption (beverage type, frequency and consumption with food) and risk of adverse health outcomes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2021; 19(1): 8.
- Surma S, Lip GYH. Alcohol and Atrial Fibrillation. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 24(3): 73.
- Surma S, Zembala M, Filipiak K. Od alkoholu do migotania przedsionków — dużo hałasu o…? Choroby Serca i Naczyń. 2022; 19(3): 131–143.
- Fontán-Vela J, Ortiz C, López-Cuadrado T, et al. Alcohol consumption patterns and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in the adult population of Spain. Eur J Nutr. 2024; 63(3): 881–891.