Blood pressure percentiles and systemic hypertension-associated factors among children aged between 6 and 15 years in Southern Vietnam
Abstract
Background: The present study determined blood pressure percentiles in children aged between 6 and 15 years in Southern Vietnam.
Material and methods: Blood pressure was measured in a random sample of 1080 students aged 6–15 years who was studying at primary and secondary high schools in My Tho city, Vietnam. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to June 2020. To diagnose children systemic hypertension, the blood pressure must be above the 95th percentile. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statistics software version 20.0. The Chi-squared test was employed to evaluate the relationship between systemic hypertension and child demographic characteristics including gender and obesity.
Results: The results showed that the 95th percentiles of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the children was 110/70 mm Hg in the 6-year-old group, 120/75 mm Hg in the 7 to12-year-old group and 125/80 mm Hg in the 13 to 15-year-old group, respectively. The rate of systemic hypertension in the children was 10% whereas boys had a 1.2 time higher risk of systemic hypertension than girls (p > 0.05). Obese children had an 8.6 time higher risk of systemic hypertension than non-obese ones (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The blood pressure percentile chart of school children aged 6–15 years were reported here for the first time in Vietnam. The results provided useful information in early diagnosis and timely treatment of systemic hypertension in children.
Keywords: blood pressurechildrenhypertensionpercentile chart
References
- Sogunuru GP, Mishra S. Asian management of hypertension: Current status, home blood pressure, and specific concerns in India. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2020; 22(3): 479–482.
- Hansen ML, Gunn PW, Kaelber DC. Underdiagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2007; 298(8): 874–879.
- Vuppala S, Turer CB. Clinical Decision Support for the Diagnosis and Management of Adult and Pediatric Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020; 22(9): 67.
- Riley M, Dobson M, Sen A, et al. Recognizing elevated BP in children and adolescents: how are we doing? . J Fam Pract. 2013; 62(6): 294–299.
- Xi Bo, Zong X, Kelishadi R, et al. International Child Blood Pressure References Establishment Consortium. Establishing International Blood Pressure References Among Nonoverweight Children and Adolescents Aged 6 to 17 Years. Circulation. 2016; 133(4): 398–408.
- National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(2): 555–576.
- Chadha SL, Vasan RS, Sarma PS, et al. Age- and height-specific reference limits of blood pressure of Indian children. Natl Med J India. 1999; 12(4): 150–156.
- Fonseca-Reyes S, Romero-Velarde E, Torres-Gudiño E, et al. Comparison of auscultatory and oscillometric BP measurements in children with obesity and their effect on the diagnosis of arterial hypertension. Arch Cardiol Mex. 2018; 88(1): 16–24.
- Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, et al. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation. 1993; 88(5 Pt 1): 2460–2470.
- Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, et al. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000; 320(7244): 1240–1243.
- Falkner B, Daniels SR. Summary of the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Hypertension. 2004; 44(4): 387–388.
- Kavey REW, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, et al. American Heart Association. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation. 2003; 107(11): 1562–1566.
- Van Minh H, Viet NL, Sinh CT, et al. Blood pressure screening during the May Measurement Month 2017 programme in Vietnam-South-East Asia and Australasia. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2019; 21(Suppl D): D127–D129.
- Bonito PDi, Licenziati MR, Baroni MG, et al. CARITALY Study on the behalf of the Childhood Obesity Study Group of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. The American Academy of Pediatrics hypertension guidelines identify obese youth at high cardiovascular risk among individuals non-hypertensive by the European Society of Hypertension guidelines. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020; 27(1): 8–15.
- Mangalam K, Muneesh C, Akshay A, et al. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among School Going Adolescent in Patna. Medico-Legal Updat. 2021; 21(1): 446–450.
- Leung LCK, Ng DK, Lau MW, et al. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP in snoring children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 2006; 130(4): 1009–1017.
- Zhu W, Huang X, He J, et al. Arterial intima-media thickening and endothelial dysfunction in obese Chinese children. Eur J Pediatr. 2005; 164(6): 337–344.