Vol 24, No 3 (2020)
Original paper
Published online: 2020-09-07
Lack of association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype and essential hypertension in Peruvian older people
123
, 123, 1, 1, 1, 45
, 123, 1, 1, 1, 45
Arterial Hypertension 2020;24(3):115-119.
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies have shown an association between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism with arterial hypertension, specifically the DD genotype, in different populations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between ACE polymorphisms (Insertion, Deletion or I/D) and essential hypertension in a population of Lima, Peru.
Material and methods: This is a study of cases (essential arterial hypertension) and controls, with determination of the ACE I/D genotype.
Results: Cases (65) and controls (39) had a mean age (standard deviation) of 74.3 (7.9) and 72.6 (6.5) (p = 0.24). In cases, the genotype frequencies DD, ID, and II were 6 (9.2%), 28 (43.1%) and 31 (47.7%), respectively. In controls, the genotype frequencies DD, ID, and II were 6 (15.4%), 14 (35.9%) and 19 (48.7%). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis in cases and controls was p = 0.93 and p = 0.23, respectively. No significant associations between genotype DD vs. ID + II (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.17–1.87, p = 0.34) or II vs. DD + ID (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.43–2.12, p = 0.92) and essential hypertension were found.
Conclusions: The ACE I/D polymorphism was not associated with hypertension in our sample.
Keywords: hypertensionrenin–angiotensin systemgenetic polymorphismangiotensin converting enzymePeru
References
- World Health Organization. World Health Statistics Reports on Global Health Goals for 194 Countries. 2015. http://cdrwww.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/world-healthstatistics-2015/en.
- Segura L, Agusti R, Ruiz E. Hipertensión arterial en el Perú según el estudio TORNASOL II. Revista Peruana de Cardiología. 2011; 37(1): 19–27.
- Waken RJ, de Las Fuentes L, Rao DC. A Review of the Genetics of Hypertension with a Focus on Gene-Environment Interactions. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017; 19(3): 23.
- Rana G, Yadav S, Joshi S, et al. Association of DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (I/D) polymorphism with hypertension among a North Indian population. J Community Genet. 2018; 9(1): 51–55.
- Mengesha HG, Petrucka P, Spence C, et al. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism on hypertension in Africa: A meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS One. 2019; 14(2): e0211054.
- Franken R, Bellesso M, Cavazin A, et al. Associação do polimorfismo do gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina com dados ecocardiográficos em jovens normotensos filhos de hipertensos. Rev Assoc Médi Brasil. 2004; 50(1): 62–67.
- Thameem F, Voruganti VS, He X, et al. Genetic variants in the renin-angiotensin system genes are associated with cardiovascular-renal-related risk factors in Mexican Americans. Hum Genet. 2008; 124(5): 557–559.
- Singh M, Singh AK, Singh S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism increases the susceptibility to hypertension and additive diseases: A study on North Indian patients. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2016; 38(3): 305–311.
- Paramasivam R, Rengasamy N, Arumugam D, et al. Association of ACE DD Genotype with Hypertension among the Tribal Populations of South India. ILNS. 2016; 52: 1–8.
- Krishnan R, Sekar D, Karunanithy S, et al. Association of angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with essential hypertension in south Indian population. Genes Dis. 2016; 3(2): 159–163.
- Choudhury I, Jothimalar R, Patra AK. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism and its Association with Hypertension in South Indian Population. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2012; 27(3): 265–269.
- Agerholm-Larsen B, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. ACE gene polymorphism in cardiovascular disease: meta-analyses of small and large studies in whites. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20(2): 484–492.
- Henderson SO, Haiman CA, Mack W. Multiple Polymorphisms in the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACE, CYP11B2, AGTR1) and their contribution to hypertension in African Americans and Latinos in the multiethnic cohort. Am J Med Sci. 2004; 328(5): 266–273.
- Martinez Cantarin MP, Ertel A, Deloach S, et al. Variants in genes involved in functional pathways associated with hypertension in African Americans. Clin Transl Sci. 2010; 3(6): 279–286.
- Bautista LE, Vargas CI, Oróstegui M, et al. Population-based case-control study of renin-angiotensin system genes polymorphisms and hypertension among Hispanics. Hypertens Res. 2008; 31(3): 401–408.
- Bonfim-Silva R, Guimarães LO, Souza Santos J, et al. Case-control association study of polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme genes and coronary artery disease and systemic artery hypertension in African-Brazilians and Caucasian-Brazilians. J Genet. 2016; 95(1): 63–69.
- Companioni Nápoles O, Sautié Castellanos M, Leal L, et al. ACE I/D polymorphism study in a Cuban hypertensive population. Clin Chim Acta. 2007; 378(1-2): 112–116.
- Pinheiro DS, Santos RS, Jardim PC, et al. The combination of ACE I/D and ACE2 G8790A polymorphisms revels susceptibility to hypertension: A genetic association study in Brazilian patients. PLoS One. 2019; 14(8): e0221248.
- Lizaraso, F, Rivara G, Torres E, et al. Presencia del genotipo D/D del gen de enzima convertidora de angiotensina y del genotipo 235T del gen de angiotensinógeno como factores de riesgo para sumir un evento coronario agudo. Rev Peru Cardiol. 2002; 28(1).
- Brewster LM, Seedat YK. Why do hypertensive patients of African ancestry respond better to calcium blockers and diuretics than to ACE inhibitors and β-adrenergic blockers? A systematic review. BMC Med. 2013; 11: 141.
- Arnett DK, Davis BR, Ford CE, et al. Pharmacogenetic association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk in relation to antihypertensive treatment: the Genetics of Hypertension-Associated Treatment (GenHAT) study. Circulation. 2005; 111(25): 3374–3383.
- Gupta S, Chattopadhyaya I, Agrawal BK, et al. Correlation of renin angiotensin system (RAS) candidate gene polymorphisms with response to Ramipril in patients with essential hypertension. J Postgrad Med. 2015; 61(1): 21–26.
- Heidari F, Vasudevan R, Mohd Ali SZ, et al. Association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene among Malay male hypertensive subjects in response to ACE inhibitors. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015; 16(4): 872–879.
- Kurland L, Melhus H, Karlsson J, et al. Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation versus Atenolol (SILVHIA) Trial. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism predicts blood pressure response to angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist treatment in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2001; 19(10): 1783–1787.