Advanced search

Vol 17, No 3 (2024)
Review paper
Published online: 2024-09-11
Page views 1
Article views/downloads 0
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Isavuconazole for the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients

Alicja Dębska-Ślizień1, Magdalena Durlik2, Joanna Raszeja-Wyszomirska3, Agnieszka Piekarska4, Małgorzata Sobieszczańska-Małek5, Sławomir Żegleń6
DOI: 10.5603/rdatf.101204
Renal Disease and Transplantation Forum 2024;17(3):76-89.

Abstract

Due to immunosuppression and other transplantrelated
factors, recipients of solid organ transplants
are at risk of invasive fungal disease. Prevention
and management of fungal infection in solid organ
transplant recipients require knowledge about epidemiology,
risk factors, limitations, and advantages
of current diagnostic methods that guide treatment.
Therapy strategies, both in prophylaxis and treatment,
are tailored to different types of transplants
based on the effectiveness of various antifungal
agents.
This review provides insight into the epidemiology,
prevention, and management of invasive fungal disease
in kidney, pancreas, liver, lung, and heart transplant
recipients. New diagnostic techniques and
novel therapeutic options improve the management
of invasive fungal disease.
One of the promising novel therapeutic options
is isavuconazole. Isavuconazole belongs to the
broad-spectrum second-generation triazole class
of drugs and is used to treat invasive aspergillosis
and mucormycosis. Compared to other azoles, isavuconazole
has several benefits, such as predictable
pharmacokinetics, good oral bioavailability and tissue
diffusion, and a more favorable safety profile. It
also has fewer side effects and a lower potential for
drug interactions. These advantages underscore the
importance of isavuconazole in therapeutic settings
for managing invasive fungal diseases in solid organ
transplant recipients. Isavuconazole expands the
available antifungal treatment options and is a promising
addition to the antifungal armamentarium.

Keywords: invasive fungal diseaseisavuconazolesolid organ transplant

References

  1. Elhaj Mahmoud D, Hérivaux A, Morio F, et al. The epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in transplant recipients. Biomed J. 2024; 47(3): 100719.
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. Yong MK, Slavin MA, Kontoyiannis DP. Invasive fungal disease and cytomegalovirus infection: is there an association? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018; 31(6): 481–489.
    CrossRefPubMed
  3. Seok H, Huh K, Cho SY, et al. Invasive Fungal Diseases in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Risk Factors for Mortality. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(6).
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. Menzin J, Meyers JL, Friedman M, et al. The economic costs to United States hospitals of invasive fungal infections in transplant patients. Am J Infect Control. 2011; 39(4): e15–e20.
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. Fang W, Wu J, Cheng M, et al. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: challenges and recent developments. J Biomed Sci. 2023; 30(1): 42.
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. Boutin CA, Luong ML. Update on therapeutic approaches for invasive fungal infections in adults. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2024; 11: 20499361231224980.
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. CRESEMBA (Isavuconazole). Antibiotics Manual. 2017: 105–106.
    CrossRef
  8. Fernández-Ruiz M. Pharmacological management of invasive mold infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2024; 25(3): 239–254.
    CrossRef
  9. Aslam S, Rotstein C. AST Infectious Disease Community of Practice. Candida infections in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13623.
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. Baddley JW, Forrest GN. AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplantation-Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13543.
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. Husain S, Camargo JF. Invasive Aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13544.
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. Samanta P, Clancy CJ, Marini RV, et al. Isavuconazole Is as Effective as and Better Tolerated Than Voriconazole for Antifungal Prophylaxis in Lung Transplant Recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(3): 416–426.
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. Fishman JA, Gans H. AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Pneumocystis jiroveci in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13587.
    CrossRefPubMed
  14. Cornely OA, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Arenz D, et al. Mucormycosis ECMM MSG Global Guideline Writing Group. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19(12): e405–e421.
    CrossRefPubMed
  15. Shields RK, Clancy CJ, Vadnerkar A, et al. Posaconazole serum concentrations among cardiothoracic transplant recipients: factors impacting trough levels and correlation with clinical response to therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55(3): 1308–1311.
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8849063/ (2024-05-24).
  17. Samanta P, Clancy CJ, Marini RV, et al. Isavuconazole Is as Effective as and Better Tolerated Than Voriconazole for Antifungal Prophylaxis in Lung Transplant Recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(3): 416–426.
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. Miller R, Assi M. AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Endemic fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients-Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13553.
    CrossRefPubMed
  19. Arvanitis M, Anagnostou T, Fuchs BB, et al. Molecular and nonmolecular diagnostic methods for invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014; 27(3): 490–526.
    CrossRefPubMed
  20. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 49(9): 3640–3645.
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43(1): 25–31.
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, et al. Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71(6): 1367–1376.
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. Douglas AP, Smibert OC, Bajel A, et al. Australasian Antifungal Guidelines Steering Committee. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis, 2021. Intern Med J. 2021; 51 Suppl 7: 143–176.
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. Egger M, Jenks JD, Hoenigl M, et al. Blood Aspergillus PCR: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. J Fungi (Basel). 2020; 6(1).
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. Huygens S, Dunbar A, Buil JB, et al. Clinical Impact of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Aspergillus and Azole Resistance Detection in Invasive Aspergillosis: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2023; 77(1): 38–45.
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. Carvalho-Pereira J, Fernandes F, Araújo R, et al. Multiplex PCR Based Strategy for Detection of Fungal Pathogen DNA in Patients with Suspected Invasive Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel). 2020; 6(4).
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. Jiang S, Chen Y, Han S, et al. Next-Generation Sequencing Applications for the Study of Fungal Pathogens. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(10).
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. Wickes BL, Wiederhold NP. Molecular diagnostics in medical mycology. Nat Commun. 2018; 9(1): 5135.
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. Arendrup MC, Boekhout T, Akova M, et al. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Fungal Infection Study Group, European Confederation of Medical Mycology. ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014; 20 Suppl 3: 76–98.
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. Skóra M, Gajda M, Namysł M, et al. COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Intensive Care Unit Patients from Poland. J Fungi (Basel). 2023; 9(6).
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. Hanson K, Caligiuri P, Wiggins R, et al. Radiologic Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of Invasive Fungal Disease. Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2015; 9(3): 180–189.
    CrossRef
  32. Tew M, Douglas AP, Szer J, et al. [F]FDG-PET-CT compared with CT for persistent or recurrent neutropenic fever in high-risk patients (PIPPIN): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022; 9(8): e573–e584.
    CrossRefPubMed
  33. Ankrah AO, Lawal IO, Dierckx RA, et al. Imaging of Invasive Fungal Infections- The Role of PET/CT. Semin Nucl Med. 2023; 53(1): 57–69.
    CrossRefPubMed
  34. Ezzatzadegan S, Chen S, Chapman JR. Invasive fungal infections after renal transplantation. Int J Organ Transplant Med. 2012; 3(1): 18–25.
    PubMed
  35. Einollahi B, Lessan-Pezeshki M, Pourfarziani V, et al. Invasive fungal infections following renal transplantation: a review of 2410 recipients. Ann Transplant. 2008; 13(4): 55–58.
    PubMed
  36. Seok H, Huh K, Cho SY, et al. Invasive Fungal Diseases in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Risk Factors for Mortality. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(6).
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. Guimarães LFA, Halpern M, de Lemos AS, et al. Invasive Fungal Disease in Renal Transplant Recipients at a Brazilian Center: Local Epidemiology Matters. Transplant Proc. 2016; 48(7): 2306–2309.
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. Esnault V, Hoisnard L, Peiffer B, et al. Beyond the First Year: Epidemiology and Management of Late-Onset Opportunistic Infections After Kidney Transplantation. Transpl Int. 2024; 37: 12065.
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50(8): 1101–1111.
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. Kriegl L, Boyer J, Egger M, et al. Antifungal stewardship in solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2022; 24(5): e13855.
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. Pérez-Jacoiste Asín MA, López-Medrano F, Fernández-Ruiz M, et al. Risk factors for the development of invasive aspergillosis after kidney transplantation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2021; 21(2): 703–716.
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. Abe T, Futamura K, Goto N, et al. Oral/oesophageal candidiasis is a risk factor for severe infection after kidney transplantation. Nephrology (Carlton). 2022; 27(1): 97–103.
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. Altiparmak MR, Apaydin S, Trablus S, et al. Systemic fungal infections after renal transplantation. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002; 34(4): 284–288.
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. Nampoory MR, Khan ZU, Johny KV, et al. Invasive fungal infections in renal transplant recipients. J Infect. 1996; 33(2): 95–101.
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. López-Medrano F, Fernández-Ruiz M, Silva JT, et al. Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplant Recipients (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC), the Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), and the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS). Clinical Presentation and Determinants of Mortality of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Multinational Cohort Study. Am J Transplant. 2016; 16(11): 3220–3234.
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. Hoyo I, Sanclemente G, de la Bellacasa JP, et al. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of invasive aspergillosis in renal transplant patients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2014; 16(6): 951–957.
    CrossRefPubMed
  47. Sahin SZ, Akalin H, Ersoy A, et al. Invasive Fungal Infections in Renal Transplant Recipients: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Mycopathologia. 2015; 180(1-2): 43–50.
    CrossRefPubMed
  48. Santos T, Aguiar B, Santos L, et al. Invasive Fungal Infections After Kidney Transplantation: A Single-center Experience. Transplant Proc. 2015; 47(4): 971–975.
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. Tonin FS, Steimbach LM, Borba HH, et al. Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B formulations: a network meta-analysis and a multicriteria decision analysis. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017; 69(12): 1672–1683.
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. Singh N, Limaye AP. 313 - Infections in Solid-Organ Translant Reciients. In: ennett JE, Dolin R, laser MJ, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and ennett's Princiles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Eighth Edition). Philadelhia: W.Singh N, Limaye AP. ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders; 2015 p : 3440–52.
  51. Zachary J, Chen JM, Sharfuddin A, et al. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Invasive Fungal Infections in Pancreas Transplant in the Absence of Postoperative Antifungal Prophylaxis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023; 10(11): ofad478.
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. Gruessner RW, Sutherland DE, Troppmann C, et al. Intra-abdominal fungal infections after pancreatic transplantation: incidence, treatment, and outcome. J Am Coll Surg. 1996; 183(4): 307–316.
    PubMed
  53. Barros N, Rosenblatt RE, Phipps MM, et al. Invasive fungal infections in liver diseases. Hepatol Commun. 2023; 7(9).
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. Karadag HI, Andacoglu O, Papadakis M, et al. Invasive Fungal Infections After Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Matched Controlled Risk Analysis. Ann Transplant. 2021; 26: e930117.
    CrossRefPubMed
  55. Nagao M, Fujimoto Y, Yamamoto M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive fungal infections after liver transplantation and the risk factors of late-onset invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Chemother. 2016; 22(2): 84–89.
    CrossRefPubMed
  56. Pacholczyk M, Lagiewska B, Lisik W, et al. Invasive fungal infections following liver transplantation - risk factors, incidence and outcome. Ann Transplant. 2011; 16(3): 14–16.
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. Singh N, Wagener MM, Marino IR, et al. Trends in invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients: correlation with evolution in transplantation practices. Transplantation. 2002; 73(1): 63–67.
    CrossRefPubMed
  58. Saliba F, Delvart V, Ichaï P, et al. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: outcomes and risk factors revisited in the MELD era. Clin Transplant. 2013; 27(4): E454–E461.
    CrossRefPubMed
  59. Barchiesi F, Mazzocato S, Mazzanti S, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes in 116 cases. Liver Transpl. 2015; 21(2): 204–212.
    CrossRefPubMed
  60. Husain S, Silveira FP, Azie N, et al. Epidemiological features of invasive mold infections among solid organ transplant recipients: PATH Alliance® registry analysis. Med Mycol. 2017; 55(3): 269–277.
    CrossRefPubMed
  61. Giannella M, Bartoletti M, Morelli M, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients: one size does not fit all. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016; 18(4): 538–544.
    CrossRefPubMed
  62. Melenotte C, Aimanianda V, Slavin M, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2023; 25(3): e14049.
    CrossRefPubMed
  63. Maertens JA, Raad II, Marr KA, et al. Isavuconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive mould disease caused by Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi (SECURE): a phase 3, randomised-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2016; 387(10020): 760–769.
    CrossRefPubMed
  64. Singh N, Wagener MM, Cacciarelli TV, et al. Antifungal management practices in liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2008; 8(2): 426–431.
    CrossRefPubMed
  65. Peghin M, Hirsch HH, Len Ó, et al. Epidemiology and Immediate Indirect Effects of Respiratory Viruses in Lung Transplant Recipients: A 5-Year Prospective Study. Am J Transplant. 2017; 17(5): 1304–1312.
    CrossRefPubMed
  66. Ju C, Lian Q, Xu X, et al. Epidemiology and Prognosis of Invasive Fungal Disease in Chinese Lung Transplant Recipients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021; 8: 718747.
    CrossRefPubMed
  67. Baker AW, Maziarz EK, Arnold CJ, et al. Invasive Fungal Infection After Lung Transplantation: Epidemiology in the Setting of Antifungal Prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 70(1): 30–39.
    CrossRefPubMed
  68. Huggins JP, Arthur D, Chow SC, et al. Risk Factors for Invasive Fungal Infection in Lung Transplant Recipients on Universal Antifungal Prophylaxis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024; 11(2): ofad640.
    CrossRefPubMed
  69. Chong PP, Kennedy CC, Hathcock MA, et al. Epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in lung transplant recipients on long-term azole antifungal prophylaxis. Clin Transplant. 2015; 29(4): 311–318.
    CrossRefPubMed
  70. Kennedy CC, Razonable RR. Fungal Infections After Lung Transplantation. Clin Chest Med. 2017; 38(3): 511–520.
    CrossRefPubMed
  71. Phoompoung P, Villalobos AP, Jain S, et al. Risk factors of invasive fungal infections in lung transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2022; 41(2): 255–262.
    CrossRefPubMed
  72. Helmi M, Love RB, Welter D, et al. Aspergillus infection in lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis: risk factors and outcomes comparison to other types of transplant recipients. Chest. 2003; 123(3): 800–808.
    CrossRefPubMed
  73. Husain S, Paterson DL, Studer S, et al. Voriconazole prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2006; 6(12): 3008–3016.
    CrossRefPubMed
  74. Kulkarni HS, Witt CA. Voriconazole in lung transplant recipients - how worried should we be? Am J Transplant. 2018; 18(1): 5–6.
    CrossRefPubMed
  75. Luong ML, Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Singer LG, et al. Risk factors for voriconazole hepatotoxicity at 12 weeks in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2012; 12(7): 1929–1935.
    CrossRefPubMed
  76. Kato H, Hagihara M, Asai N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of isavuconazole for the treatment and prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections. Mycoses. 2023; 66(9): 815–824.
    CrossRefPubMed
  77. Trang TP, Hanretty AM, Langelier C, et al. Use of isavuconazole in a patient with voriconazole-induced QTc prolongation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017; 19(4).
    CrossRefPubMed
  78. Velleca A, Shullo MA, Dhital K, et al. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2023; 42(5): e1–e141.
    CrossRefPubMed
  79. Chan GY, Starr N, Ging P, et al. 5-year Review of Invasive Fungal Diseases in a National Heart Transplant Centre. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2021; 40(4): S233.
    CrossRef
  80. Rabin AS, Givertz MM, Couper GS, et al. Risk factors for invasive fungal disease in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015; 34(2): 227–232.
    CrossRefPubMed
  81. Echenique IA, Angarone MP, Gordon RA, et al. Invasive fungal infection after heart transplantation: A 7-year, single-center experience. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017; 19(1).
    CrossRefPubMed
  82. Yetmar ZA, Lahr B, Brumble L, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors, and association of antifungal prophylaxis on early invasive fungal infection in heart transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021; 23(5): e13714.
    CrossRefPubMed
  83. Ellsworth M, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Isavuconazole: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Efficacy, and Resistance. J Fungi (Basel). 2020; 6(4).
    CrossRefPubMed
  84. Andes D, Dismukes W. Azoles. Essentials of Clinical Mycology. 2010: 61–93.
    CrossRef
  85. Schmitt-Hoffmann A, Desai A, Kowalski D, et al. Isavuconazole absorption following oral administration in healthy subjects is comparable to intravenous dosing, and is not affected by food, or drugs that alter stomach pH. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 54(8): 572–580.
    CrossRefPubMed
  86. Andes D, Kovanda L, Desai A, et al. Isavuconazole Concentration in Real-World Practice: Consistency with Results from Clinical Trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018; 62(7).
    CrossRefPubMed
  87. Caballero-Bermejo AF, Darnaude-Ximénez I, Aguilar-Pérez M, et al. PBISA01‐Study Group. Bronchopulmonary penetration of isavuconazole in lung transplant recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023; 67(10): e0061323.
    CrossRefPubMed
  88. Schmitt-Hoffmann AH, Kato K, Townsend R, et al. Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Isavuconazole following Single and Repeat Oral-Dose Administration of Isavuconazonium Sulfate to Rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017; 61(12).
    CrossRefPubMed
  89. Groll AH, Townsend R, Desai A, et al. Drug-drug interactions between triazole antifungal agents used to treat invasive aspergillosis and immunosuppressants metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017; 19(5).
    CrossRefPubMed
  90. McCarthy MW, Moriyama B, Petraitiene R, et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Isavuconazole. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018; 57(12): 1483–1491.
    CrossRefPubMed
  91. Kovanda LL, Desai AV, Lu Q, et al. Isavuconazole Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis Using Nonparametric Estimation in Patients with Invasive Fungal Disease (Results from the VITAL Study). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016; 60(8): 4568–4576.
    CrossRefPubMed
  92. Kaindl T, Andes D, Engelhardt M, et al. Variability and exposure-response relationships of isavuconazole plasma concentrations in the Phase 3 SECURE trial of patients with invasive mould diseases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019; 74(3): 761–767.
    CrossRefPubMed
  93. Shoham S, Dominguez EA. AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Emerging fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13525.
    CrossRefPubMed
  94. Abdul-Aziz MH, Alffenaar JWC, Bassetti M, et al. Infection Section of European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and Critically Ill Patient Study Groups of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Group of International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT), Infections in the ICU and Sepsis Working Group of International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC). Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a Position Paper. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(6): 1127–1153.
    CrossRefPubMed
  95. Marty FM, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Cornely OA, et al. VITAL and FungiScope Mucormycosis Investigators. Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: a single-arm open-label trial and case-control analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16(7): 828–837.
    CrossRefPubMed
  96. Kullberg BJ, Viscoli C, Pappas PG, et al. Isavuconazole Versus Caspofungin in the Treatment of Candidemia and Other Invasive Candida Infections: The ACTIVE Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019; 68(12): 1981–1989.
    CrossRefPubMed
  97. Monforte A, Los-Arcos I, Martín-Gómez MT, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Isavuconazole Treatment for Fungal Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients (ISASOT Study). Microbiol Spectr. 2022; 10(1): e0178421.
    CrossRefPubMed
  98. Fernández-Ruiz M, Bodro M, Gutiérrez Martín I, et al. SOTIS Study Group. Isavuconazole for the Treatment of Invasive Mold Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Study on Efficacy and Safety in Real-life Clinical Practice. Transplantation. 2023; 107(3): 762–773.
    CrossRefPubMed
  99. Marty FM, Cornely OA, Mullane KM, et al. Isavuconazole for treatment of invasive fungal diseases caused by more than one fungal species. Mycoses. 2018; 61(7): 485–497.
    CrossRefPubMed

About cookies

Necessary cookies

Allways active

These cookies are necessary for the proper display and operation of the website. Blocking them may cause the website to malfunction.

Analytical cookies

As part of our website, we use analytical tools, such as Google Analytics, that allow us to verify website traffic. These tools may require the use of cookies.

Community cookies

These are cookies associated with the social networks we use. Accepting them will allow us to associate your visit to the site with our social media profiles.

Marketing cookies

These are cookies responsible for carrying out advertising and marketing activities - consenting to their use will allow us to target you with advertisements based on your previous activities within our website.

Copyright © 2023-2024 Via Medica Regulations Cookie policy Privacy Statement Legal Note