The post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression among adolescents of public high schools: a cross-sectional study
Streszczenie
Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to trauma and stress; this disorder can affect anyone after having experienced a stressful traumatic event. The survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents of public high schools in the city of Sale in Morocco and to study the level of anxiety and depression, which present the most associated disorders of PTSD.
Materials and methods: Twelve schools randomly selected from 41 schools and 600 students selected using the cross-sectional survey. The age of the students were between 12 and 17 years. The percentage was 82% of students who accepted to participate in the study. The validated questionnaires (socio-demographic data, list of life events, CPTS-RI, STAIY and CDI) used and completed by the students for this survey which carried out during the period from March to June 2018.
Results: Given the specificity of students characterized by poverty, psychology of adolescence and low level of parental education; we found 42.7% of prevalence of PTSD; a higher percentage of this disorder in girls with 71.6% than in boys with 28.4% (p < 0.001) and this prevalence done to find out those who had more likely to develop PTSD. While for PTSD co-morbidities among adolescents, 91.3% were found to have anxiety and 66.6% to have depression.
Conclusions: With the important prevalence of PTSD in school-aged adolescents, the negative impact of this disorder can be significant on the well-being of these adolescents. There are practical implications for supporting and healing these adolescents with this disorder.
Słowa kluczowe: prevalencepost-traumatic stress disorderschooladolescenttraumatic eventsassociated disorders
Referencje
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed). American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington DC 2013.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed). American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington DC 2000.
- Dyregrov A, Yule WA. Review of PTSD in children. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2006; 11(4): 176–184.
- Kassam-Adams N, García-España JF, Miller VA, et al. Parent-child agreement regarding children's acute stress: the role of parent acute stress reactions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006; 45(12): 1485–1493.
- Meiser-Stedman R, Smith P, Glucksman E, et al. Parent and child agreement for acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychopathology in a prospective study of children and adolescents exposed to single-event trauma. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007; 35(2): 191–201.
- Stuber J, Galea S, Pfefferbaum B, et al. Behavior problems in New York City's children after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2005; 75(2): 190–200.
- Vila G, Bertrand C. Exposition de l’enfant au facteur traumatique et réactions parentales. Analyse des interactions et modélisation. Stress et Trauma. 2003; 3(2): 89–91.
- Fernandez L, Marielle A, Bonnet A, Guinard A, Pedinielli A, Préau M. Module VI – Outils psychométriques. In: Verger PD. ed. Démarches épidémiologiques après une catastrophe : anticiper les catastrophes : enjeux de santé publique, connaissances, outils et méthodes. La documentation française, Paris 2005: 39–41.
- Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto 1983.
- Nixon RD, Nishith P, Resick PA. The accumulative effect of trauma exposure on short-term and delayed verbal memory in a treatment-seeking sample of female rape victims. J Trauma Stress. 2004; 17(1): 31–5.
- Pederson CL, Maurer SH, Kaminski PL, et al. Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a community-based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse. J Trauma Stress. 2004; 17(1): 37–40.
- Josse E. Le traumatisme psychique: Chez le nourrisson, l’enfant et l’adolescent. De Boeck Superieur, Paris 2011.
- Fortin H. État de stress post-traumatique, abus et négligence chez l'adolescent. In: Gagno A. ed. Démystifier les maladies mentales : Les troubles de l'enfance et de l'adolescence. Gaétan Morin, Montréal 2001: 183–216.
- Costello E, Erkanli A, Fairbank JA, et al. The prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. J Trauma Stress. 2002; 15(2): 99–112.
- Elklit A, Petersen T. Exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in four nations. Torture. 2008; 18(1): 2–11.
- Attanayake V, McKay R, Joffres M, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders among children exposed to war: a systematic review of 7,920 children. Med Confl Surviv. 2009; 25(1): 4–19.
- de Vries GJ, Olff M. The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands. J Trauma Stress. 2009; 22(4): 259–267.
- Suliman S, Mkabile SG, Fincham DS, et al. Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. Compr Psychiatry. 2009; 50(2): 121–127.
- Peirce JM, Burke CK, Stoller KB, et al. Assessing traumatic event exposure: comparing the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Psychol Assess. 2009; 21(2): 210–218.
- Hodges M, Godbout N, Briere J, et al. Cumulative trauma and symptom complexity in children: a path analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2013; 37(11): 891–898.
- Friedman MJ, Keane TM, Resick PA. Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice. Guilford Press, New York 2007.
- Tuicomepee A, Romano JL. Thai adolescent survivors 1 year after the 2004 tsunami: A mixed methods study. J Couns Psychol. 2008; 55(3): 308–318.
- Karabekiroğlu K, Akbas S, Taşdemir GN, et al. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents after two murders in a school: A controlled followed-up study. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008; 38(4): 407–424.
- Nader K. How children and adolescents are affected by trauma. The history of assessing trauma in youths. In: Nader K. ed. Understanding and assessing trauma in children and adolescents: measures, methods and youth in context. Routledge, New York 2008.
- Brown PJ, Read JP, Kahler CW. Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: treatment outcomes and the role of coping. In: Ouimette P, Brown PJ. ed. Trauma and substance abuse: causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders. American psychological association. American Psychological Association, Washington DC 2003: 171–188.
- Salcioglu E, Basoglu M, Livanou M, et al. Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003; 191(3): 154–160.
- Bulut S, Tayli A. The dose of exposure and prevalence rates of post traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Turkish children eleven months after the 1999 Marmara earthquakes. Sch Psychol Int. 2005; 26: 55–70.
- Kilpatrick DG, Ruggiero KJ, Acierno R, et al. Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: results from the National Survey of Adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003; 71(4): 692–700.
- Fletcher KE. Childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: Mash EJ, Barkley RA. ed. Child Psychopathology. Guilford Press, New York 2003: 330–371.
