dostęp otwarty

Tom 13, Nr 3 (2017)
Artykuł przeglądowy
Opublikowany online: 2017-10-09
Pobierz cytowanie

Neurologiczne powikłania zespołu Sjögrena

Maria Ejma1, Natalia Madetko2, Marta Waliszewska-Prosół1
Pol. Przegl. Neurol 2017;13(3):120-131.
Afiliacje
  1. Katedra i Klinika Neurologii, Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu, ul. Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Polska
  2. Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy Klinice Neurologii Uniwersytetu Medycznego we Wrocławiu, Wrocław, Polska

dostęp otwarty

Tom 13, Nr 3 (2017)
Artykuły przeglądowe
Opublikowany online: 2017-10-09

Streszczenie

Zespół Sjögrena jest przewlekłą, układową chorobą autoimmuno­logiczną, której podłożem są zaburzenia odpowiedzi humoralnej i komórkowej, mogące potencjalnie prowadzić do szerokiego spektrum objawów klinicznych. Objawami osiowymi zespołu Sjögrena są kserostomia i kseroftalmia, będące następstwem limfocytarnego nacieku gruczołów ślinowych i łzowych. Manife­stacja pozagruczołowa choroby może obejmować także zmiany w obrębie ośrodkowego i obwodowego układu nerwowego. Objawy neurologiczne są nierzadko jedną z pierwszych manifestacji klinicznych choroby.

Streszczenie

Zespół Sjögrena jest przewlekłą, układową chorobą autoimmuno­logiczną, której podłożem są zaburzenia odpowiedzi humoralnej i komórkowej, mogące potencjalnie prowadzić do szerokiego spektrum objawów klinicznych. Objawami osiowymi zespołu Sjögrena są kserostomia i kseroftalmia, będące następstwem limfocytarnego nacieku gruczołów ślinowych i łzowych. Manife­stacja pozagruczołowa choroby może obejmować także zmiany w obrębie ośrodkowego i obwodowego układu nerwowego. Objawy neurologiczne są nierzadko jedną z pierwszych manifestacji klinicznych choroby.

Pobierz cytowanie

Słowa kluczowe

zespół Sjögrena, układowa choroba autoimmunologiczna, powikłania neurologiczne

Informacje o artykule
Tytuł

Neurologiczne powikłania zespołu Sjögrena

Czasopismo

Polski Przegląd Neurologiczny

Numer

Tom 13, Nr 3 (2017)

Typ artykułu

Artykuł przeglądowy

Strony

120-131

Opublikowany online

2017-10-09

Wyświetlenia strony

1347

Wyświetlenia/pobrania artykułu

2276

Rekord bibliograficzny

Pol. Przegl. Neurol 2017;13(3):120-131.

Słowa kluczowe

zespół Sjögrena
układowa choroba autoimmunologiczna
powikłania neurologiczne

Autorzy

Maria Ejma
Natalia Madetko
Marta Waliszewska-Prosół

Referencje (113)
  1. Alexander EL. Neurologic disease in Sjogren’s syndrome: Mononuclear inflammatory vasculopathy affecting central/peripheral nervous system and muscle. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1993; 19(4): 869–908.
  2. Niemelä RK, Hakala M. Primary Sjögren's syndrome with severe central nervous system disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1999; 29(1): 4–13.
  3. Tincani A, Andreoli L, Cavazzana I, et al. Novel aspects of Sjögren's syndrome in 2012. BMC Med. 2013; 11: 93.
  4. Leber T. Praparate zu dem Vortag uber Entstehung der Netzhautablosung und uber verschiedene Hornhautaffecttionen. Ber. Ophthalmol. Ges. Heidelberg. 1882; 14: 165–166.
  5. Talal N. Sjögren's syndrome: an historical perspective. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1998; 149(1): 4–6.
  6. Hadden WB. On ‘dry mouth’, or suppression of the salivary and buccal secretion. Trans Clin Soc Lond. 1888; 20: 176–179.
  7. Houver AW. M. Keratitis filamentosa and chronic arthritis. Trans Ophthalmolol Soc UK. 1927; 47: 88.
  8. Sjögren H. Zur Kenntnis der keratoconjunctivitis sicca (keratitis filiformis bei Hypofunction der Tranendrusen). Acta Ophthalmol. 1933; 11:1.
  9. Morgan WS, Castelman B. A clinicopathologic study of Mikulicz’s disease. Am J Pathol. 1953; 29: 471–503.
  10. Bloch KJ, Buchanan WW, Wohl MJ, et al. Sjogren’s syndrome. A clinical, pathological and serological study of sixty-two cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1965; 44(6): 187–231.
  11. Moutsopoulos HM, Buchanan WW, Wohl MJ, et al. Differences in the clinical manifestations of sicca syndrome in the presence and absence of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1979; 66(5): 733–736.
  12. Talal N. Recent developments in the immunology of Sjögren's syndrome (autoimmune exocrinopathy). Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1986; 61: 76–82.
  13. Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM. Autoimmune epitheliitis: Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1994; 12 Suppl 11: S9–11.
  14. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, et al. European Study Group on Classification Criteria for Sjögren's Syndrome. Classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002; 61(6): 554–558.
  15. Shiboski SC, Shiboski CH, Criswell LA, et al. Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Research Groups. American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Data-Driven, Expert Consensus Approach in the Sjgren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Cohort. Arthritis Care & Research. 2012; 64(4): 475–487.
  16. Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, Katsumata Y, et al. Clinical manifestations of neurological involvement in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2011; 30(4): 485–490.
  17. Mori K, Iijima M, Koike H, et al. The wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in Sjögren's syndrome-associated neuropathy. Brain. 2005; 128(Pt 11): 2518–2534.
  18. Grant IA, Hunder GG, Homburger HA, et al. Peripheral neuropathy associated with sicca complex. Neurology. 1997; 48(4): 855–862.
  19. Stell R, Zilko PJ, Carroll WM. Chronic sensory neuropathy with anti-Ro antibodies without clinical features of Sjögren's syndrome. J. Clin. Neuroscience. 1998; 5(1): 110–112.
  20. Alexander EL, Provost TT, Stevens MB, et al. Neurologic complications of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Medicine. 1982; 61(4): 247–257.
  21. Govoni M, Bajocchi G, Rizzo N, et al. Neurological involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome: clinical and instrumental evaluation in a cohort of Italian patients. Clinical Rheumatology. 1999; 18(4): 299–303.
  22. Gøransson LG, Herigstad A, Tjensvoll AB, et al. Peripheral neuropathy in primary sjogren syndrome: a population-based study. Archives of Neurology. 2006; 63(11): 1612–1615.
  23. Carvajal Alegria G, Guellec D, Devauchelle-Pensec V, et al. Is there specific neurological disorders of primary Sjögren's syndrome? Joint Bone Spine. 2015; 82(2): 86–89.
  24. Carvajal Alegria G, Guellec D, Mariette X, et al. Epidemiology of neurological manifestations in Sjogren’s syndrome: data from French ASSESS Cohort. RMD Open. 2016; 2(1): e000179.
  25. Jamilloux Y, Magy L, Hurtevent JF, et al. Immunological profiles determine neurological involvement in Sjögren's syndrome. European Journal of Medicine. 2014; 25(2): 177–181.
  26. Delalande S, de Seze J, Fauchais AL, et al. Neurologic manifestations in primary Sjögren syndrome: a study of 82 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004; 83(5): 280–291.
  27. Moreira I, Teixeira F, Martins Silva A, et al. Frequent involvement of central nervous system in primary Sjögren syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2015; 35: 289–294.
  28. Kaplan JG, Rosenberg R, Reinitz E, et al. Invited review: peripheral neuropathy in Sjogren's syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1990; 13(7): 570–579.
  29. Soliotis FC, Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. Central nervous system involvement in Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004; 63(6): 616–620.
  30. Moutsopoulos HM, Sarmas JH, Talal N. Is central nervous system involvement a systemic manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome? Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1993; 19(4): 909–912.
  31. Ioannidis JP, Moutsopoulos HM. Sjögren's syndrome: too many associations, too limited evidence. The enigmatic example of CNS involvement. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1999; 29(1): 1–3.
  32. Morreale M, Marchione P, Giacomini P, et al. Neurological involvement in primary Sjögren syndrome: a focus on central nervous system. PLoS One. 2014; 9(1): e84605.
  33. Massara A, Bonazza S, Castellino G, et al. Central nervous system involvement in Sjögren's syndrome: unusual, but not unremarkable--clinical, serological characteristics and outcomes in a large cohort of Italian patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010; 49(8): 1540–1549.
  34. Harboe E, Tjensvoll AB, Maroni S, et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren syndrome: a comparative population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009; 68(10): 1541–1546.
  35. Koçer B, Tezcan ME, Batur HZ, et al. Cognition, depression, fatigue, and quality of life in primary Sjögren's syndrome: correlations. Brain and Behavior. 2016; 6(12).
  36. Tezcan ME, Kocer EB, Haznedaroglu S, et al. Primary Sjögren's syndrome is associated with significant cognitive dysfunction. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016; 19(10): 981–988.
  37. Tobón G, Pers JO, Devauchelle-Pensec V, et al. Neurological Disorders in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Autoimmune Dis. 2012; 2012: 1–11.
  38. Camdessanché JP, Jousserand G, Ferraud K, et al. The pattern and diagnostic criteria of sensory neuronopathy: a case-control study. Brain. 2009; 132(Pt 7): 1723–1733.
  39. Yasuda T, Sobue G, Hirose Y, et al. MR of acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994; 15: 114–115.
  40. Lauria G, Pareyson D, Grisoli M, et al. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in chronic sensory ganglionopathies. Ann Neurol. 2000; 47(1): 104–109, doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(200001)47:1<104::aid-ana17>3.3.co;2-o.
  41. Mori K, Koike H, Misu K, et al. Spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates sensory neuronal involvement and clinical severity in neuronopathy associated with Sjögren's syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 71(4): 488–492.
  42. Lauria G, Hsieh ST, Johansson O. European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society. Eur J Neurol. 2010; 17(7): 903–912.
  43. Koszewicz M, Gosk-Bierska I, Jerzy G, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Int Angiol. 2009; 28(2): 127–131.
  44. Chai J, Herrmann DN, Stanton M, et al. Painful small-fiber neuropathy in Sjogren syndrome. Neurology. 2005; 65(6): 925–927.
  45. Lin YK, Yang FC, Liu FC, et al. Co-Cccurrence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Primary Sjögren Syndrome in an Elderly Woman. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2016; 25(3): 83–87.
  46. Awad A, Mathew S, Katirji B. Acute motor axonal neuropathy in association with Sjögren syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2010; 42(5): 828–830.
  47. Xiao F. Neuromyotonia as an unusual neurological complication of primary Sjögren's syndrome: case report and literature review. Clin Rheumatol. 2017; 36(2): 481–484.
  48. Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, Katsumata Y, et al. Clinical manifestations of neurological involvement in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2011; 30(4): 485–490.
  49. Jayarangaiah A, Sehgal R, Epperla N. Sjögren's syndrome and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)--a case report and review of literature. BMC Neurol. 2014; 14: 200.
  50. Bak E, Yang HK, Hwang JM. Optic Neuropathy Associated with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Series. Optom Vis Sci. 2017; 94(4): 519–526.
  51. Nishio M, Suzuki T, Oshida E, et al. A Case of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Presenting Various Visual Field Changes. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2006; 30(4): 95–99.
  52. Rapoport P, Merle H, Smadja D, et al. Bilateral optic neuropathy disclosing primary Gougerot-Sjögren syndrome. J Fr Ophtalmol. 1997; 20(10): 767–770.
  53. Kadota Y, Tokumaru AM, Kamakura K, et al. Primary Sjögren's syndrome initially manifested by optic neuritis: MRI findings. Neuroradiology. 2002; 44(4): 338–341.
  54. Sun JY, Liu Z, Zhao P, et al. Optic neuritis as an initial presentation of primary Sjögren syndrome: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95(44): e5194.
  55. Komai T, Shoda H, Yamaguchi K, et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder complicated with Sjogren syndrome successfully treated with tocilizumab: A case report. Mod Rheumatol. 2016; 26(2): 294–296.
  56. Park JH, Hwang J, Min JH, et al. Presence of anti-Ro/SSA antibody may be associated with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positivity in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neurol Sci. 2015; 348(1-2): 132–135.
  57. Masuda H, Mori M, Uzawa A, et al. Recovery from optic neuritis attack in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2016; 367: 375–379.
  58. Rojas-Rodriguez J, Garcia-Carrasco M, Ramirez ES, et al. Optic neuropathy in a child with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998; 65(5): 355–357.
  59. Alexander EL, Alexander GE. Aseptic meningoencephalitis in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Neurology. 1983; 33(5): 593–598.
  60. Lui NL, See SJ, Thumboo J. A rare cause of reversible unilateral third nerve palsy. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2008; 275(1-2): 188–190.
  61. Ugan Y, Dogru A, Sahin M, et al. A Rare Neurological Involvement in Sjögren’s Syndrome: Abducens Nerve Palsy. J Clin Anal Med. 2016; 7(Suppl 2): 145–147.
  62. Sacmacia H, Mirzaa M, Yetkina MF, et al. Atypical Cause of Abducens Paralysis: A Case Report. J Neurol Res. 2013; 3(6): 181–183.
  63. Chai J, Logigian EL. Neurological manifestations of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010; 23(5): 509–513.
  64. Flanagan EP, Kaufmann TJ, Keegan BM. Sjogren's syndrome with trigeminal neuropathy: motor involvement. Pract Neurol. 2013; 13(5): 340–342.
  65. Alexander EL, Malinow K, Lejewski JE, et al. Primary Sjögren's syndrome with central nervous system disease mimicking multiple sclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104(3): 323–330.
  66. Boki KA, Ioannidis JP, Segas JV, et al. How significant is sensorineural hearing loss in primary Sjögren's syndrome? An individually matched case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2001; 28(4): 798–801.
  67. Kim KS, Kim HS. Successful treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in Sjögren's syndrome with corticosteroid. Korean J Intern Med. 2016; 31(3): 612–615.
  68. Tumiati B, Casoli P, Parmeggiani A, et al. Hearing Loss in the Sjogren Syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126(6): 450–453.
  69. Narożny W, Gromnicki M, Siebert J, et al. Autoimmunizacyjna choroba ucha wewnętrznego — wyzwanie nie tylko dla lekarza rodzinnego. Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej. 2008; 2: 212–222.
  70. Wright RA, Grant IA, Low PA. Autonomic neuropathy associated with sicca complex. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1999; 75(1): 70–76.
  71. Bhagwan S, Bhagwan B, Moodley A. Bilateral Tonic Pupils as the Initial Manifestation of Sjögren's Syndrome. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2015; 39(5): 248–252.
  72. Jeong HN, Suh BC, Kim YB, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as an initial neurological manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2015; 25(4): 259–262.
  73. Bakchin S, Duyckaerts C, Hassine L, et al. Central and peripheral neurologic lesions in primary Gougerot-Sjögren syndrome. Clinicopathological study of a case. Revue Neurologique. 1991; 147: 368–375.
  74. Alexander EL, Ranzenbach MR, Kumar AJ, et al. Anti-Ro(SS-A) autoantibodies in central nervous system disease associated with Sjögren's syndrome (CNS-SS): clinical, neuroimaging, and angiographic correlates. Neurology. 1994; 44(5): 899–908.
  75. Alexander E, Provost TT. Sjögren's syndrome. Association of cutaneous vasculitis with central nervous system disease. Archives of Dermatology. 1987; 123(6): 801–810.
  76. Alexander EL, Provost TT, Sanders ME, et al. Serum complement activation in central nervous system disease in Sjögren's syndrome. American Journal of Medicine. 1988; 85(4): 513–518.
  77. Owada K, Uchihara T, Ishida K, et al. Motor weakness and cerebellar ataxia in Sjögren syndrome--identification of antineuronal antibody: a case report. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2002; 197(1-2): 79–84.
  78. Johnson EO, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Skopouli FN, et al. Hypofunction of the stress axis in Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1998; 25(8): 1508–1514.
  79. Kim MiJ, Lee MC, Lee JH, et al. Cerebellar degeneration associated with Sjögren's syndrome. J Clin Neurol. 2012; 8(2): 155–159.
  80. Niemelä RK, Hakala M. Primary Sjögren's syndrome with severe central nervous system disease. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1999; 29(1): 4–13.
  81. Akasbi M, Berenguer J, Saiz A, et al. White matter abnormalities in primary Sjo¨gren syndrome. Q J Med. 2012; 105: 433–443.
  82. Liu JY, Zhao T, Zhou CK. Central nervous system involvement in primary Sjogren`s syndrome manifesting as multiple sclerosis. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2014; 19(2): 134–137.
  83. Berkowitz AL, Samuels MA. The neurology of Sjogren's syndrome and the rheumatology of peripheral neuropathy and myelitis. Pract Neurol. 2014; 14(1): 14–22.
  84. Vincent TL, Richardson MP, Mackworth-Young CG, et al. Sjögren's syndrome-associated myelopathy: response to immunosuppressive treatment. Am J Med. 2003; 114(2): 145–148.
  85. Kahlenberg JM. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder as an initial presentation of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Semin Arthritis and Rheum. 2011; 40(4): 343–348.
  86. Lee KM, Han KY, Kwon OhP. Medical management for intractable pain arising from primary sjögren syndrome involving both brain and spinal cord: a case report. Ann Rehabil Med. 2014; 38(4): 568–574.
  87. Matsuo K, Saburi M, Ishikawa H, et al. Sjögren syndrome presenting with encephalopathy mimicking Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2013; 326: 100–103.
  88. Hirohata M, Yasukawa Y, Ishida C, et al. Reversible cortical lesions in primary Sjögren's syndrome presenting with meningoencephalitis as an initial manifestation. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2005; 232: 111–113.
  89. Ichikawa H, Ishihara K, Fujimoto R, et al. An autopsied case of Sjogren's syndrome with massive necrotic and demyelinating lesions of the cerebellar white matter. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2004; 225(1-2): 143–148.
  90. Sassi SB, Nabli F, Boubaker A, et al. Pseudotumoral brain lesion as the presenting feature of primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2014; 339(1-2): 214–216.
  91. Wang GQ, Zhang WW. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage as an initial manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2013; 13: 100.
  92. Bansal SK, Sawhney IM, Chopra JS. Epilepsia partialis continua in Sjögren's syndrome. Epilepsia. 1987; 28(4): 362–363.
  93. Hayashi K, Morofuji Y, Suyama K, et al. Recurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to the rupture of cerebral aneurysms in a patient with Sjögren's syndrome. Case report. Neurol Med Chir. 2010; 50: 658–661.
  94. Attout H, Martre A, Guez S, et al. Sjögren's syndrome with autonomic failure and epilepsy. Rev Med Interne. 2005; 26(2): 141–144.
  95. Attout H, Martre A, Guez S, et al. Sjögren's syndrome with autonomic failure and epilepsy. Rev Med Interne. 2005; 26: 141–144.
  96. Ong MS, Kohane IS, Cai T, et al. Population-level evidence for an autoimmune etiology of epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71(5): 569–574.
  97. Pars K, Pul R, Schwenkenbecher P, et al. Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings in Neurological Diseases Associated with Sjögren's Syndrome. Eur Neurol. 2017; 77(1-2): 91–102.
  98. Morgen K, McFarland H, Pillemer S. Central nervous system disease in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: The role of magnetic resonance imaging. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004; 34(3): 623–630.
  99. Rosenbaum R, Barkhuizen A. Primary Sjögren's syndrome. Neurological Therapeutics: Principles and Practice. 2006; 2: 1587–91.
  100. Morreale M, Francia A, Marchione P, et al. Intracranial hemodynamic changes in primary Sjögren syndrome: a transcranial Doppler case-control study. Neurol Sci. 2015; 36(9): 1589–1595.
  101. Hietaharju A, Yli-Kerttula U, Häkkinen V, et al. Nervous system manifestations in Sjögren's syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990; 81(2): 144–152.
  102. Mauch E, Völk C, Kratzsch G, et al. Neurological and neuropsychiatric dysfunction in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994; 89: 31–35.
  103. Gökçay F, Çelebisoy N, Gökçay A, et al. Multimodal Evoked Potentials in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Without Neurological Manifestations. J.Neurol.Sci [Turk]. 2009; 26: 390–395.
  104. Kachi T, Sobue G, Yamamoto M, et al. Sensory conduction study in chronic sensory ataxic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 1994; 57: 941–944.
  105. Fushimi S, Nagano I, Deguchi K, et al. A case of subacute myelitis associated with primary Sjögren syndrome showing no MRI abnormality and diagnosed by somatosensory evoked potentials. No To Shinkei. 2004; 56(12): 1029–1034.
  106. Dziadkowiak E, Sebastian A, Wiland P, et al. Endogenous event-related potentials in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome without central nervous system involvement. Scand J Rheumatol. 2015; 44(6): 487–494.
  107. Polich J, Ilan A, Poceta JS, et al. Neuroelectric assessment of HIV: EEG, ERP, and viral load. Int J Psychophysiol. 2000; 38(1): 97–108.
  108. De Seze J, Delalande S, Fauchais AL, et al. Myelopathies secondary to Sjögren's syndrome: treatment with monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide associated with corticosteroids. Journal of Rheumatology. 2006; 33: 709–711.
  109. Rist S, Sellam J, Hachulla E, et al. Experience of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in neuropathy associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a national multicentric retrospective study. Arthritis Care & Research. 2011; 63: 1339–1344.
  110. Mori K, Iijima M, Koike H, et al. The wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in Sjögren's syndrome-associated neuropathy. Brain. 2005; 128: 2518–2534.
  111. Mekinian A, Ravaud P, Hatron PY, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in primary Sjögren's syndrome with peripheral nervous system involvement: results from the AIR registry. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2011; 71: 84–87.
  112. Govoni M, Padovan M, Rizzo N, et al. CNS involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome: prevalence, clinical aspects, diagnosticassessment and therapeutic approach. CNS Drugs. 2001; 15(8): 597–607.
  113. Canhão H, Fonseca JE, Rosa A. Intravenous gammaglobulin in the treatment of central nervous system vasculitis associated with Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2000; 27(4): 1102–1103.

Regulamin

Ważne: serwis https://journals.viamedica.pl/ wykorzystuje pliki cookies. Więcej >>

Używamy informacji zapisanych za pomocą plików cookies m.in. w celach statystycznych, dostosowania serwisu do potrzeb użytkownika (np. język interfejsu) i do obsługi logowania użytkowników. W ustawieniach przeglądarki internetowej można zmienić opcje dotyczące cookies. Korzystanie z serwisu bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zapisane w pamięci komputera. Więcej informacji można znaleźć w naszej Polityce prywatności.

Czym są i do czego służą pliki cookie możesz dowiedzieć się na stronie wszystkoociasteczkach.pl.

 

Wydawcą serwisu jest VM Media Group sp. z o.o., Grupa Via Medica, ul. Świętokrzyska 73, 80–180 Gdańsk

tel. +48 58 320 94 94, faks +48 58 320 94 60, e-mail: viamedica@viamedica.pl