Tom 10, Nr 4 (2017)
Artykuł przeglądowy
Opublikowany online: 2018-01-17
Wirus EBOLA jako potencjalne wyzwanie dla krwiodawstwa, krwiolecznictwa i zdrowia publicznego
Journal of Transfusion Medicine 2017;10(4):149-165.
Streszczenie
Wirus Ebola (EBOV) jest znanym od czterech dekad czynnikiem zakaźnym wywołującym
epidemie gorączki krwotocznej Ebola (EVD, Ebola virus disease) w krajach Afryki Środkowej.
W latach 2014–2016 EBOV wywołał ogromny niepokój z powodu rozprzestrzenienia się
na nowe tereny — kraje Afryki Zachodniej, powodując największą w historii epidemię EVD.
Od grudnia 2013 roku do marca 2016 roku odnotowano ponad 28 tysięcy potwierdzonych,
prawdopodobnych i możliwych przypadków EVD, głównie w Liberii, Sierra Leone i Gwinei,
w tym ponad 11 tysięcy przypadków zgonów. Kilka przypadków zakażenia EBOV miało również
miejsce w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej oraz w Europie — zakażeniu uległy
osoby sprawujące opiekę nad pacjentami zakażonymi w Afryce.
Wirus stanowi poważne zagrożenie dla zdrowia publicznego w krajach, w których wywołuje
ogniska choroby. Podczas epidemii w Afryce Zachodniej wzrosło ryzyko przeniesienia EBOV
poprzez substancje pochodzenia ludzkiego (SoHO, substances of human origin). Przekłada się
to również na zwiększone ryzyko zaistnienia takich sytuacji poza kontynentem afrykańskim.
Można je ograniczyć poprzez stosowanie odpowiednich procedur, na przykład kwalifikacji
dawców i bezpieczeństwa biologicznego laboratoriów.
W pracy zwrócono uwagę na sposoby transmisji wirusa EBOV, przebieg kliniczny zakażenia,
diagnostykę i leczenie, szczególnie z zastosowaniem składników krwi, sytuację epidemiologiczną
oraz sposoby zapobiegania zakażeniom i kontrolę epidemii. Szczegółowo omówiono ocenę
ryzyka przeniesienia wirusa Ebola przez SoHO oraz prawdopodobieństwo wykorzystania
EBOV jako broni biologicznej. Przedstawiono również zalecenia dotyczące bezpieczeństwa
biologicznego medycznych laboratoriów diagnostycznych.
Słowa kluczowe: wirus Ebolagorączka krwotoczna Eboladawcy krwibezpieczeństwo przetoczeńsubstancje pochodzenia ludzkiego (SoHO)
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