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Tom 10, Nr 4 (2017)
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Opublikowany online: 2018-01-17

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Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Wirus EBOLA jako potencjalne wyzwanie dla krwiodawstwa, krwiolecznictwa i zdrowia publicznego

Katarzyna Tkaczuk1, Ryszard Pogłód2, Piotr Grabarczyk1
Journal of Transfusion Medicine 2017;10(4):149-165.

Streszczenie

Wirus Ebola (EBOV) jest znanym od czterech dekad czynnikiem zakaźnym wywołującym epidemie gorączki krwotocznej Ebola (EVD, Ebola virus disease) w krajach Afryki Środkowej. W latach 2014–2016 EBOV wywołał ogromny niepokój z powodu rozprzestrzenienia się na nowe tereny — kraje Afryki Zachodniej, powodując największą w historii epidemię EVD. Od grudnia 2013 roku do marca 2016 roku odnotowano ponad 28 tysięcy potwierdzonych, prawdopodobnych i możliwych przypadków EVD, głównie w Liberii, Sierra Leone i Gwinei, w tym ponad 11 tysięcy przypadków zgonów. Kilka przypadków zakażenia EBOV miało również miejsce w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej oraz w Europie — zakażeniu uległy osoby sprawujące opiekę nad pacjentami zakażonymi w Afryce. Wirus stanowi poważne zagrożenie dla zdrowia publicznego w krajach, w których wywołuje ogniska choroby. Podczas epidemii w Afryce Zachodniej wzrosło ryzyko przeniesienia EBOV poprzez substancje pochodzenia ludzkiego (SoHO, substances of human origin). Przekłada się to również na zwiększone ryzyko zaistnienia takich sytuacji poza kontynentem afrykańskim. Można je ograniczyć poprzez stosowanie odpowiednich procedur, na przykład kwalifikacji dawców i bezpieczeństwa biologicznego laboratoriów. W pracy zwrócono uwagę na sposoby transmisji wirusa EBOV, przebieg kliniczny zakażenia, diagnostykę i leczenie, szczególnie z zastosowaniem składników krwi, sytuację epidemiologiczną oraz sposoby zapobiegania zakażeniom i kontrolę epidemii. Szczegółowo omówiono ocenę ryzyka przeniesienia wirusa Ebola przez SoHO oraz prawdopodobieństwo wykorzystania EBOV jako broni biologicznej. Przedstawiono również zalecenia dotyczące bezpieczeństwa biologicznego medycznych laboratoriów diagnostycznych.

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Journal of Transfusion Medicine