Background: Coastal fishermen are particularly affected by occupational stress and burnout because they are exposed to high psychosocial factors at work and organizational constraints related to difficult working conditions. Materials and methods: This survey aimed to assess the prevalence of burnout syndrome (BOS) of fishermen and its relationship with sociodemographic and occupational parameters. This cross-sectional study involved a representative sample of 761 fishermen. We used an individual questionnaire including socio-demographic and occupational parameters, the Karasek’s Job Content Questionnaire, and Maslach BO Inventory. BOS includes three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and loss of self-efficacy. The positive diagnosis of BOS is retained if the scores of the three dimensions are abnormal (high for the first two and low for the third). Results: Five hundred and twenty-six people agreed to answer the questionnaire. Of these, 16.1% had a high emotional exhaustion, 13.9% high depersonalisation, and 11.2% low personal accomplishment. Furthermore, 37.1% had at least one abnormal dimension of BOS: 16.9% had one abnormal dimension, 12.2% two, and 8% three (BOS). The prevalence of abnormal dimensions of BOS was significantly higher in pilots-copilots (67.9%), and in mechanics (63.5%) than in sailors (27.8%). It was higher in fishermen living alone (44.4%), having seasonal job (57.9%), suffering of job strain (42.1%) or isostrain (57.9%), and sleep disorders (55.4%). The multivariate logistic regression showed that job strain, isostrain, fatigue, sleep disorders, seasonal job and daily working > 14 h constituted a major risk factor of abnormal dimension of BOS. Conclusions: It is imperative to identify priority actions to improve the working conditions of fishermen, and to develop a genuine prevention policy.