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Tom 15, Nr 1 (2023)
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Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Przyszłość badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka jelita grubego: od rozwiązań uniwersalnych po indywidualizację

Tim Kortlever1, Manon van der Vlugt1, Evelien Dekker1
DOI: 10.5603/gek.100420
Gastroenterologia Kliniczna 2023;15(1):79-95.

Streszczenie

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka jelita grubego (CRC) i zmian przedrakowych, zaawansowanych gruczolaków (AA), skutecznie zmniejszają śmiertelność z powodu tego nowotworu. Metody badań przesiewowych w kierunku CRC różnią się jednak zależnie od kraju. Najskuteczniejsza metoda badań przesiewowych z punktu widzenia pacjenta to pierwotna przesiewowa kolonoskopia. Jest jednak kosztowna, a odsetek pacjentów poddających się temu badaniu w całej populacji pozostaje stosunkowo niski. Powtarzane, przesiewowe badanie immunochemiczne kału (FIT) jest nieinwazyjną i niedrogą metodą kwalifikacji do kolonoskopii osób z grupy wysokiego ryzyka zachorowania na CRC. Badanie immunochemiczne kału nie jest jednak doskonałe, mimo szerokiego zastosowania i zwykle wysokiego odsetka osób, u których się je wykonuje. Czułość FIT w przypadku zaawansowanej neoplazji (AN) jest niska, natomiast odsetek wyników fałszywie dodatnich — stosunkowo wysoki. Prowadzi to do niepotrzebnego wykonywania kolonoskopii, niepokoju pacjentów i zwiększonego ryzyka wśród osób z pozytywnym wynikiem FIT. Należy opracować nowe strategie w celu poprawy skuteczności badań przesiewowych w kierunku CRC. W ubiegłych latach przeprowadzono wiele badań poświęconych różnym metodom badań przesiewowych opartym na ocenie ryzyka oraz analiz modeli ryzyka. Modele te obejmowały wiele czynników ryzyka i/lub biomarkerów umożliwiających ocenę ryzyka zachorowania w określonym punkcie czasowym (przekrojowe modele ryzyka) albo przewidywanie ryzyka rozwoju CRC w przyszłości (longitudinalne modele ryzyka). W niniejszej pracy dokonano przeglądu rozwoju modeli ryzyka dotyczących badań przesiewowych w kierunku CRC i omówiono niektóre wyzwania, które należy pokonać w celu powszechnego wdrożenia tych modeli w istniejących programach badań przesiewowych w kierunku CRC.

Słowa kluczowe: rak jelita grubegobadania przesiewoweryzykomodel predykcyjnybadanie kałubadanie krwiczynniki ryzyka

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