Zygomaticofacial foramen and its surgical anatomy in plastic and maxillofacial surgery — a systematic review with a meta-analysis
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the ZFF is essential in clinical and surgical settings, particularly in procedures involving facial trauma repair, reconstructive and plastic surgery.
The aim of this meta-analysis was to obtain anatomical data on ZFF and its variations, in order to emphasize its physiological, as well as clinical implications.
A large-scale search was conducted in all major databases (PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science) in order to determine and pool all available and relevant ZFF data.
A total of 22 studies (5438 skull sides) was included. The analysis revealed that in the majority of skull sides, the number of ZFF is one (45.34%, 95% CI: 41.56–49.12), followed by two (25.83%, 95% CI: 18.27–33.39), and then zero (14.11%, 95% CI: 10.15–18.07). The mean diameter of ZFF was 1.23 mm (95% CI: 0.33–2.13). The mean distance from the ZFF to the zygomatic angle was 12.02 mm (95% CI: 10.06–13.98), to the closest point of the orbital rim — 6.71 mm (95% CI: 5.98–7.43), to the midpoint of frontozygomatic suture — 25.50 mm (95% CI: 24.91–26.10), and to the lowest point of the zygomaticomaxillary suture — 19.00 mm (95% CI: 18.39–19.61).
Understanding the precise anatomy and variability of the ZFF's prevalence, number and spatial relationships is critical in surgical and clinical practices involving the midfacial region.
Keywords: zygomaticofacial foramenzygomaticofacial nervesurgical anatomymaxillofacial surgery
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