Vol 69, No 1 (2018)
Review paper
Published online: 2018-02-06

open access

Page views 16613
Article views/downloads 57529
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

The content of this article is also available in the following languages:
Polski

Guidelines of Polish National Societies Diagnostics and Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma. 2018 Update

Barbara Jarząb12, Marek Dedecjus34, Dorota Słowińska-Klencka56, Andrzej Lewiński78, Zbigniew Adamczewski78, Ryszard Anielski910, Maciej Bagłaj1112, Agata Bałdys-Waligórska1314, Marcin Barczyński1516, Tomasz Bednarczuk1718, Artur Bossowski1920, Monika Buziak-Bereza1314, Ewa Chmielik2122, Andrzej Cichocki2324, Agnieszka Czarniecka2526, Rafał Czepczyński2728, Janusz Dzięcioł2930, Tomasz Gawlik21, Daria Handkiewicz-Junak21, Kornelia Hasse-Lazar21, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk1314, Krystian Jażdżewski3132, Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka21, Michał Kalemba21, Grzegorz Kamiński3334, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska78, Mariusz Klencki56, Beata Kos-Kudła3536, Agnieszka Kotecka-Blicharz21, Aldona Kowalska3738, Jolanta Krajewska21, Aleksandra Kropińska21, Aleksandra Kukulska21, Emilia Kulik1, Andrzej Kułakowski3940, Krzysztof Kuzdak4142, Dariusz Lange2122, Aleksandra Ledwon21, Elżbieta Lewandowska-Jabłońska21, Katarzyna Łącka2728, Barbara Michalik21, Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer4344, Janusz Nauman1718, Marek Niedziela4546, Ewa Małecka-Tendera4748, Małgorzata Oczko-Wojciechowska21, Tomasz Olczyk2116, Ewa Paliczka-Cieślik21, Lech Pomorski4950, Zbigniew Puch21, Józef Roskosz21, Marek Ruchała2728, Dagmara Rusinek21, Stanisław Sporny5152, Agata Stanek-Widera2122, Zoran Stojcev5354, Aleksandra Syguła21, Anhelli Syrenicz5556, Sylwia Szpak-Ulczok21, Tomasz Tomkalski5758, Zbigniew Wygoda21, Jan Włoch5960, Ewa Zembala-Nożyńska2122
Pubmed: 29442352
Endokrynol Pol 2018;69(1):34-74.

Abstract

Significant advances have been made in thyroid can­cer research in recent years, therefore relevant clinical guidelines need to be updated. The current Polish guidelines “Diagnostics and Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma” have been formulated at the “Thyroid Cancer and Other Malignancies of Endocrine Glands” conference held in Wisła in November 2015 [1].

Article available in PDF format

View PDF Download PDF file

References

  1. Jarząb B, Dedecjus M, Handkiewicz-Junak D, et al. Diagnostics and Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma. Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(1): 74–107.
  2. Bała M, Brożek J, Gajewski P, Guyatt G, Jaeschke R, Leśniak W, Mrukowicz J. ; Mrukowicz, J. Podstawy EBM czyli medycyny opartej na danych naukowych dla lekarzy i studentów medycyny, Wydanie I. Medycyna Praktyczna, Kraków 2008.
  3. Fervers B, Burgers JS, Voellinger R, et al. ADAPTE Collaboration. Guideline adaptation: an approach to enhance efficiency in guideline development and improve utilisation. BMJ Qual Saf. 2011; 20(3): 228–236.
  4. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016; 26(1): 1–133.
  5. Alexander EK, Heering JP, Benson CB, et al. Assessment of nondiagnostic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87(11): 4924–4927.
  6. Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015; 25(6): 567–610.
  7. Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE, et al. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. 1995. Radiat Res. 2012; 178(2): AV43–AV60.
  8. Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, et al. Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology. 2005; 237(3): 794–800.
  9. Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, et al. European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults: The EU-TIRADS. Eur Thyroid J. 2017; 6(5): 225–237.
  10. Adamczewski Z, Dedecjus M, Skowrońska-Jóźwiak E, et al. Metastases of renal clear‑cell carcinoma to the thyroid: a comparison of shear‑wave and quasi‑static elastography. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2014; 124(9): 485–486.
  11. Dobruch-Sobczak K, Gumińska A, Bakuła-Zalewska E, et al. Shear wave elastography in medullary thyroid carcinoma diagnostics. J Ultrason. 2015; 15(63): 358–367.
  12. Borysewicz-Sanczyk H, Dzieciol J, Sawicka B, et al. Practical Application of Elastography in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules in Children and Adolescents. Horm Res Paediatr. 2016; 86(1): 39–44.
  13. Wojtaszek-Nowicka M, Słowińska-Klencka D, Sporny S, et al. The efficiency of elastography in the diagnostics of follicular lesions and nodules with an unequivocal FNA result. Endokrynol Pol. 2017 [Epub ahead of print].
  14. Woliński K, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Stangierski A, et al. How to select nodules for fine-needle aspiration biopsy in multinodular goitre. Role of conventional ultrasonography and shear wave elastography - a preliminary study. Endokrynol Pol. 2014; 65(2): 114–118.
  15. Stangierski A, Woliński K, Czepczyński R, et al. The usefulness of standardized uptake value in differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid lesions detected incidentally in 18F-FDG PET/CT examination. PLoS One. 2014; 9(10): e109612.
  16. Czepczyński R, Stangierski A, Oleksa R, et al. Incidental ¹⁸F-FDG uptake in the thyroid in patients diagnosed with PET/CT for other malignancies. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2011; 14(2): 68–72.
  17. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017; 27(11): 1341–1346.
  18. Cibas, E. S.; Ali, S. Z. The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid ogy. J Am Soc Cytopathol. 2017; 27: 1341–1346.
  19. Słowińska-Klencka D, Woźniak-Oseła E, Popowicz B, et al. Repeat FNA Significantly Lowers Number of False Negative Results in Patients with Benign Nodular Thyroid Disease and Features of Chronic Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol. 2014; 2014: 967381.
  20. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid. 2009; 19(11): 1159–1165.
  21. Wang CCC, Friedman L, Kennedy GC, et al. A large multicenter correlation study of thyroid nodule cytopathology and histopathology. Thyroid. 2011; 21(3): 243–251.
  22. Słowińska-Klencka D, Woźniak E, Wojtaszek M, et al. Low malignancy risk of thyroid follicular lesion of undetermined significance in patients from post-endemic areas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013; 168(4): 621–630.
  23. Stanek-Widera A, Biskup-Frużyńska M, Zembala-Nożyńska E, et al. Clinical importance of follicular lesion of undetermined significance (diagnostic category III according to Bethesda System) diagnosed from Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy. Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(1): 12–16.
  24. Słowińska-Klencka D, Wojtaszek-Nowicka M, Sporny S, et al. Analysis of clinical significance of equivocal thyroid cytology with a special consideration for FLUS category - five years of new classification of FNA results. Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(1): 23–34.
  25. Słowińska-Klencka D, Wojtaszek-Nowicka M, Sporny S, et al. The predictive value of sonographic images of follicular lesions - a comparison with nodules unequivocal in FNA - single centre prospective study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2016; 16(1): 69.
  26. Stanek-Widera A, Biskup-Frużyńska M, Zembala-Nożyńska E, et al. Suspicious for follicular neoplasm or follicular neoplasm? The dilemma of a pathologist and a surgeon. Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(1): 17–22.
  27. Stanek-Widera A, Biskup-Frużyńska M, Zembala-Nożyńska E, et al. The diagnosis of cancer in thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy. Surgery, repeat biopsy or specimen consultation? Pol J Pathol. 2016; 67(1): 19–23.
  28. Trzebińska A, Dobruch-Sobczak K, Jakubowski W, et al. Standardy badań ultrasonografi cznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Ultrasonografi cznego – aktualizacja. Badanie ultrasonografi czne tarczycy oraz biopsja tarczycy pod kontrolą ultrasonografi i. J Ultrason. 2014; 14(56): 49–60.
  29. Rahman M, Okada AR, Guan K, et al. Metastatic neoplasms to the thyroid diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration/core needle biopsy: Clinicopathologic and cytomorphologic correlation. Cytojournal. 2017; 14: 16.
  30. Dao A, Jabir H, Taleb A, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma with thyroid metastasis: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2017; 10(1): 130.
  31. HooKim K, Gaitor J, Lin O, et al. Secondary tumors involving the thyroid gland: A multi-institutional analysis of 28 cases diagnosed on fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol. 2015; 43(11): 904–911.
  32. Magers MJ, Dueber JC, Lew M, et al. Metastatic ductal carcinoma of the breast to the thyroid gland diagnosed with fine needle aspiration: A case report with emphasis on morphologic and immunophenotypic features. Diagn Cytopathol. 2016; 44(6): 530–534.
  33. Costa MM, Belo S, Capela-Costa J, et al. Malignant melanoma with synchronous thyroid metastases: case report and literature review. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 61(2): 193–197.
  34. Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, et al. Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 138(4): 315–318.
  35. Bongiovanni M, Spitale A, Faquin WC, et al. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: a meta-analysis. Acta Cytol. 2012; 56(4): 333–339.
  36. Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, et al. American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015; 25(7): 716–759.
  37. Niedziela M. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006; 13(2): 427–453.
  38. Schuetz M, Beheshti M, Oezer S, et al. Calcitonin measurements for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma or its premalignant conditions in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Anticancer Res. 2006; 26(1B): 723–727.
  39. Krajewska J, Jarząb M, Czarniecka A, et al. Ongoing risk stratification for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) - stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) before radioiodine (RAI) ablation, the most potent risk factor of cancer recurrence in M0 patients. Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(1): 2–11.
  40. Czarniecka A, Jarzab M, Krajewska J, et al. Prognostic value of lymph node metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) according to the local advancement and range of surgical excision. Thyroid Res. 2010; 3(1): 8.
  41. Czarniecka A, Poltorak S, Sacher A, et al. Ocena wyników leczenia chorych na nisko zaawansowanego raka brodawkowatego tarczycy w stopniu zaawansowania klinicznego cT1N0M0 leczonych w ramach prospektywnego badania klinicznego. Polish J Endocrinol. 2015: A34–A35.
  42. Czarniecka A, Poltorak S, Sacher A, et al. Surgical strategy in low advanced differentiated thyroid cancer staged T1N0M0 – results of a pilot feasibility study. Eur. Eur Thyroid J. 2014; 3: 104.
  43. Czarniecka A. Limfadenektomia szyjna w raku tarczycy. In: Choroby tarczycy i przytarczyc. 2014: 202–203.
  44. Gemsenjäger E, Perren A, Seifert B, et al. Lymph node surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2003; 197(2): 182–190.
  45. Kouvaraki MA, Lee JE, Shapiro SE, et al. Preventable reoperations for persistent and recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2004; 136(6): 1183–1191.
  46. Ito Y, Tomoda C, Uruno T, et al. Preoperative ultrasonographic examination for lymph node metastasis: usefulness when designing lymph node dissection for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg. 2004; 28(5): 498–501.
  47. Kang BC, Roh JL, Lee JH, et al. Candidates for limited lateral neck dissection among patients with metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg. 2014; 38(4): 863–871.
  48. Cracchiolo JR, Wong RJ. Management of the lateral neck in well differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2017 [Epub ahead of print].
  49. Machens A, Dralle H. Surgical Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2015; 204: 187–205.
  50. Bollerslev J, Rejnmark L, Marcocci C, et al. European Society of Endocrinology. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Guideline: Treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism in adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015; 173(2): G1–20.
  51. Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Paliczka E, Czarniecka A, et al. [Hypoparathyroidism after surgery on thyroid cancer: is there a delayed chance for recovery after a prolonged period of substitutive therapy?]. Endokrynol Pol. 2006; 57(5): 501–508.
  52. Krajewska J, Chmielik E, Jarząb B. Dynamic risk stratification in the follow-up of thyroid cancer: what is still to be discovered in 2017? Endocr Relat Cancer. 2017; 24(11): R387–R402.
  53. Luster M, Clarke SE, Dietlein M, et al. European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Guidelines for radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008; 35(10): 1941–1959.
  54. Schlumberger M, Catargi B, Borget I, et al. Tumeurs de la Thyroïde Refractaires Network for the Essai Stimulation Ablation Equivalence Trial. Strategies of radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(18): 1663–1673.
  55. Krajewska J, Jarzab M, Czarniecka A, et al. Adjuvant radioiodine (RAI) treatment reduces the risk of relapse in low advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Endocr Abstr. 2015.
  56. Borget I, Bonastre J, Catargi B, et al. Quality of Life and Cost-Effectiveness Assessment of Radioiodine Ablation Strategies in Patients With Thyroid Cancer: Results From the Randomized Phase III ESTIMABL Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(26): 2885–2892.
  57. Kukulska A, Krajewska J, Gawkowska-Suwińska M, et al. Radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC): prospective comparison of long-term outcomes of treatment with 30, 60 and 100 mCi. Thyroid Res. 2010; 3(1): 9.
  58. Pacini F. Which patient with thyroid cancer deserves systemic therapy and when? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 31(3): 291–294.
  59. Schlumberger M, Leboulleux S. Treatment of distant metastases from follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. F1000Prime Rep. 2015; 7: 22.
  60. Kukulska A, Krajewska J, Kołosza Z, et al. The role of FDG-PET in localization of recurrent lesions of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in patients with asymptomatic hyperthyroglobulinemia in a real clinical practice. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016; 175(5): 379–385.
  61. Michalik B, Roskosz J, Stanjek-Cichoracka A, et al. Urinary iodine in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) during L-thyroxine treatment. Endokrynol Pol. 2010; 61(5): 458–461.
  62. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017; 27(3): 315–389.
  63. Brierley J, Sherman E. The role of external beam radiation and targeted therapy in thyroid cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2012; 22(3): 254–262.
  64. Chow SM, Yau S, Kwan CK, et al. Local and regional control in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: specific indications of external radiotherapy and radioactive iodine according to T and N categories in AJCC 6th edition. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006; 13(4): 1159–1172.
  65. Kim TH, Chung KW, Lee YJ, et al. The effect of external beam radiotherapy volume on locoregional control in patients with locoregionally advanced or recurrent nonanaplastic thyroid cancer. Radiat Oncol. 2010; 5: 69.
  66. Schuck A, Biermann M, Pixberg MK, et al. Acute toxicity of adjuvant radiotherapy in locally advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. First results of the multicenter study differentiated thyroid carcinoma (MSDS). Strahlenther Onkol. 2003; 179(12): 832–839.
  67. Schwartz DL, Lobo MJ, Ang KK, et al. Postoperative external beam radiotherapy for differentiated thyroid cancer: outcomes and morbidity with conformal treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009; 74(4): 1083–1091.
  68. Lee EK, Lee YJ, Jung YS, et al. Postoperative simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiation therapy for patients with locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma: preliminary results of a phase II trial and propensity score analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 100(3): 1009–1017.
  69. Sun XS, Guevara N, Fakhry N, et al. [Radiation therapy in thyroid cancer]. Cancer Radiother. 2013; 17(3): 233–243; quiz 255.
  70. Giuliani M, Brierley J. Indications for the use of external beam radiation in thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2014; 26(1): 45–50.
  71. Goffredo P, Robinson TJ, Youngwirth LM, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy use for the localized treatment of thyroid cancer: Nationwide practice patterns and outcomes. Endocrine. 2016; 53(3): 761–773.
  72. So K, Smith RE, Davis SR. Radiotherapy in well-differentiated thyroid cancer: is it underutilized? ANZ J Surg. 2016; 86(9): 696–700.
  73. Hamilton SN, Tran E, Berthelet E, et al. The role of external beam radiation therapy in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2017; 17(10): 905–910.
  74. Mazzarotto R, Cesaro MG, Lora O, et al. The role of external beam radiotherapy in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2000; 54(6): 345–349.
  75. Brierley JD, Tsang RW. External beam radiation therapy for thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008; 37(2): 497–509, xi.
  76. Spencer C, LoPresti J, Fatemi S. How sensitive (second-generation) thyroglobulin measurement is changing paradigms for monitoring patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, in the absence or presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014; 21(5): 394–404.
  77. Krajewska J, Czarniecka A, Jarzab M, et al. [Relapse of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in low-risk patients]. Endokrynol Pol. 2006; 57(4): 386–391.
  78. Stangierski A, Kaznowski J, Wolinski K, et al. The usefulness of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in the detection of recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with elevated thyroglobulin and negative radioiodine whole-body scan. Nucl Med Commun. 2016; 37(9): 935–938.
  79. Niedziela M, Handkiewicz-Junak D, Małecka-Tendera E, et al. Diagnostics and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children - Guidelines of Polish National Societies. Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(6): 628–642.
  80. Kałużna M, Gołąb M, Czepczyński R, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in patients with liver metastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(3): 332–347.
  81. Handkiewicz-Junak D, Roskosz J, Hasse-Lazar K, et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid re-differentiation therapy and recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment of non-Functional metastatic thyroid cancer: a single-center, 53-patient phase 2 study. Thyroid Res. 2009; 2(1): 8.
  82. Krajewska J, Gawlik T, Jarzab B. Advances in small molecule therapy for treating metastatic thyroid cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017; 18(11): 1049–1060.
  83. Brose M, Nutting C, Jarzab B, et al. Sorafenib in radioactive iodine-refractory, locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014; 384(9940): 319–328.
  84. Schlumberger M, Tahara M, Wirth LJ, et al. Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(7): 621–630.
  85. Eng C, Clayton D, Schuffenecker I, et al. The Relationship Between Specific RET Proto-oncogene Mutations and Disease Phenotype in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2. JAMA. 1996; 276(19): 1575–1579.
  86. Dralle H, Machens A. Surgical management of the lateral neck compartment for metastatic thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2013; 25(1): 20–26.
  87. Lorenz K, Elwerr M, Machens A, et al. Hypercalcitoninemia in thyroid conditions other than medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparative analysis of calcium and pentagastrin stimulation of serum calcitonin. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2013; 398(3): 403–409.
  88. Machens A, Dralle H. Surgical cure rates of sporadic medullary thyroid cancer in the era of calcitonin screening. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016; 175(3): 219–228.
  89. Wiench M, Wygoda Z, Gubala E, et al. Estimation of risk of inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma in apparent sporadic patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19(5): 1374–1380.
  90. Włoch J, Wygoda Z, Wiench M, et al. Profilaktyczne całkowite wycięcie tarczycy u nosicieli mutacji w protoonkogenie RET powodujących dziedzicznego raka rdzeniastego. Pol Przegl Chir. 2001; 73: 569–585.
  91. Kotecka-Blicharz A, Hasse-Lazar K, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, et al. Occurrence of phaeochromocytoma tumours in RET mutation carriers - a single-centre study. Endokrynol Pol. 2016; 67(1): 54–58.
  92. Castinetti F, Maia AL, Peczkowska M, et al. The penetrance of MEN2 pheochromocytoma is not only determined by RET mutations. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2017; 24(8): L63–L67.
  93. Castinetti F, Qi XP, Walz M, et al. Outcomes of adrenal-sparing surgery or total adrenalectomy in phaeochromocytoma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: an international retrospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(6): 648–655.
  94. Schuffenecker I, Virally-Monod M, Brohet R, et al. Risk and penetrance of primary hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A families with mutations at codon 634 of the RET proto-oncogene. Groupe D'etude des Tumeurs à Calcitonine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998; 83(2): 487–491.
  95. Alevizaki M. Management of hyperparathyroidism (PHP) in MEN2 syndromes in Europe. Thyroid Res. 2013; 6 Suppl 1: S10.
  96. Czepczyński R, Parisella MG, Kosowicz J, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007; 34(10): 1635–1645.
  97. Krajewska J, Jarzab B. Novel therapies for thyroid cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014; 15(18): 2641–2652.
  98. Wells SA, Robinson BG, Gagel RF, et al. Vandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: a randomized, double-blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(2): 134–141.
  99. Elisei R, Schlumberger MJ, Müller SP, et al. Cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(29): 3639–3646.
  100. Haddad R, Lydiatt W, Ball D, et al. Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma, Version 2.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2015; 13(9): 1140–1150.
  101. Smallridge RC, Ain KB, Asa SL, et al. American Thyroid Association Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Taskforce. American Thyroid Association guidelines for management of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2012; 22(11): 1104–1139.
  102. Walsh S, Lowery AJ, Evoy D, et al. Thyroid lymphoma: recent advances in diagnosis and optimal management strategies. Oncologist. 2013; 18(9): 994–1003.