The effects of serum granulin levels on anthropometric measures and glucose metabolism in infertile women with different ovarian reserve status
Abstract
Introduction: Granulin (GRN) is an adipokine with proinflammatory features, which plays important role in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance pathogenesis. It has been reported that granulin precursors were localised in developing follicles in animal studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of granulin levels with anthropometric features, glucose metabolism, and ovarian reserve.
Material and methods: A total of 109 infertile women were included in this cross-sectional, prospective study, who attended a tertiary clinic. All participants were categorised into diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and normal ovarian reserve groups (NOR), in accordance with Bologna criteria. The demographic characteristics, including age, BMI, waist-hip circumferences, and biochemical parameters, were recorded. Serum granulin level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: No significant difference was observed in the GRN levels (p = 0.229) between the groups. There was a positive correlation between GRN levels and BMI, WC, HC, and 75 g oral glucose tolerance values in NOR group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively).
Conclusions: Our results suggest that granulin is associated with anthropometric features in infertile patients and might be an important indicator of obesity and impaired glucose metabolism. Elevated levels of granulin may have a diabetogenic effect and predispose women to high glucose levels.
Keywords: granulinanthropometryglucose metabolismovarian reserveobesity
References
- Provost MP, Acharya KS, Acharya CR, et al. Pregnancy outcomes decline with increasing recipient body mass index: an analysis of 22,317 fresh donor/recipient cycles from the 2008-2010 Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System registry. Fertil Steril. 2016; 105(2): 364–368.
- Farin HMF, Abbasi F, Kim SH, et al. The relationship between insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in cigarette smokers. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007; 9(1): 65–69.
- Kemp DM. Does chronic low-grade endotoxemia define susceptibility of obese humans to insulin resistance via dietary effects on gut microbiota? Adipocyte. 2013; 2(3): 188–190.
- Verit FF, Keskin S, Omer B, et al. Is there any relationship between cardiovascular risk markers and young women with diminished ovarian reserve? Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014; 30(10): 697–700.
- Spencer CP, Godsland IF, Stevenson JC. Is there a menopausal metabolic syndrome? Gynecol Endocrinol. 1997; 11(5): 341–355.
- Youn BS, Bang SI, Klöting N, et al. Serum progranulin concentrations may be associated with macrophage infiltration into omental adipose tissue. Diabetes. 2009; 58(3): 627–636.
- Bateman A, Bennett HPJ. The granulin gene family: from cancer to dementia. Bioessays. 2009; 31(11): 1245–1254.
- Lu Yi, Zheng L, Zhang W, et al. Growth factor progranulin contributes to cervical cancer cell proliferation and transformation in vivo and in vitro. Gynecol Oncol. 2014; 134(2): 364–371.
- Suzuki M, Matsumuro M, Hirabayashi K, et al. Oocyte-Specific Expression of Granulin Precursor (Acrogranin) in Rat Ovary. J Reprod Dev. 2000; 46: 271–277.
- Gorkem U, Inal ZO, Inal HA, et al. Serum progranulin levels are elevated in infertile women with obesity. Endokrynol Pol. 2018; 69(6): 661–666.
- Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, et al. Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril. 2012; 97(1): 28–38.
- Ferraretti AP, La Marca A, Fauser BC, et al. ESHRE working group on Poor Ovarian Response Definition. ESHRE consensus on the definition of 'poor response' to ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: the Bologna criteria. Hum Reprod. 2011; 26(7): 1616–1624.
- Vendola KA, Zhou J, Adesanya OO, et al. Androgens stimulate early stages of follicular growth in the primate ovary. J Clin Invest. 1998; 101(12): 2622–2629.
- Hsueh AJW, Kawamura K, Cheng Y, et al. Intraovarian control of early folliculogenesis. Endocr Rev. 2015; 36(1): 1–24.
- Ersoy AO, Oztas E, Ersoy E, et al. Granulin levels in patients with idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015; 193: 108–110.
- Matsubara T, Mita A, Minami K, et al. PGRN is a key adipokine mediating high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity through IL-6 in adipose tissue. Cell Metab. 2012; 15(1): 38–50.
- Hossein-Nezhad A, Mirzaei K, Ansar H, et al. Obesity, inflammation and resting energy expenditure: possible mechanism of progranulin in this pathway. Minerva Endocrinol. 2012; 37(3): 255–266.
- Yamada K, Matsushima R, Nishimura M, et al. A slow maturation of a cysteine protease with a granulin domain in the vacuoles of senescing Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Physiol. 2001; 127(4): 1626–1634.
- Ersoy AO, Tokmak A, Ozler S, et al. Are progranulin levels associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and its possible metabolic effects in adolescents and young women? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016; 294(2): 403–409.
- Zhou D, Li S, Li W, et al. Increased expression of PGRN protein in follicular fluid and mRNA in granulosa cells in overweight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017; 218: 106–112.
