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Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and appendix — management guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours)
Affiliations- Klinika Endokrynologii, Chorób Metabolicznych i Chorób Wewnętrznych, Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
open access
Abstract
This study presents the revised Polish guidelines regarding the management of patients suffering from neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine and appendix. The small intestine, especially the ileum, is the most common location for these neoplasms. Most are well differentiated and slow growing. Their symptoms may be atypical, which can result in delayed or accidental diagnosis. Appendicitis is usually the first manifestation of NEN in this location. Typical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome occur in approximately 20–30% of patients suffering from small intestinal NENs with distant metastases. The main cause of death in patients with carcinoid syndrome is carcinoid heart disease. The most useful laboratory test is the determination of chromogranin A, while concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is helpful in the diagnostics of carcinoid syndrome. For visualisation, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, double-balloon enteroscopy, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy may be used. A detailed histological report is crucial for the proper diagnostics and therapy of NENs of the small intestine and appendix. The treatment of choice is surgical management, either radical or palliative. The pharmacological treatment of the hormonally active and non-active small intestinal NENs as well as NENs of the appendix is based on long-acting somatostatin analogues. In patients with generalised NENs of the small intestine in progress during the SSA treatment, with good expression of somatostatin receptors, the first-line treatment should be radioisotope therapy, while targeted therapies, such as everolimus, should be considered afterwards. When the above therapies are exhausted, in certain cases chemotherapy may be considered.
Abstract
This study presents the revised Polish guidelines regarding the management of patients suffering from neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine and appendix. The small intestine, especially the ileum, is the most common location for these neoplasms. Most are well differentiated and slow growing. Their symptoms may be atypical, which can result in delayed or accidental diagnosis. Appendicitis is usually the first manifestation of NEN in this location. Typical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome occur in approximately 20–30% of patients suffering from small intestinal NENs with distant metastases. The main cause of death in patients with carcinoid syndrome is carcinoid heart disease. The most useful laboratory test is the determination of chromogranin A, while concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is helpful in the diagnostics of carcinoid syndrome. For visualisation, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, double-balloon enteroscopy, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy may be used. A detailed histological report is crucial for the proper diagnostics and therapy of NENs of the small intestine and appendix. The treatment of choice is surgical management, either radical or palliative. The pharmacological treatment of the hormonally active and non-active small intestinal NENs as well as NENs of the appendix is based on long-acting somatostatin analogues. In patients with generalised NENs of the small intestine in progress during the SSA treatment, with good expression of somatostatin receptors, the first-line treatment should be radioisotope therapy, while targeted therapies, such as everolimus, should be considered afterwards. When the above therapies are exhausted, in certain cases chemotherapy may be considered.
Keywords
nowotwory neuroendokrynne; zalecenia; jelito cienkie; wyrostek robaczkowy; zespół rakowiaka; analogi somatostatyny; terapia izotopowa PRRT; terapie celowane
About this articleTitle
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and appendix — management guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours)
Journal
Issue
Article type
Review paper
Pages
223-236
Published online
2017-05-08
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6175
Article views/downloads
14416
DOI
Pubmed
Bibliographic record
Endokrynol Pol 2017;68(2):223-236.
Keywords
nowotwory neuroendokrynne
zalecenia
jelito cienkie
wyrostek robaczkowy
zespół rakowiaka
analogi somatostatyny
terapia izotopowa PRRT
terapie celowane
Authors
Tomasz Bednarczuk
Marek Bolanowski
Anna Zemczak
Agata Bałdys-Waligórska
Jolanta Blicharz-Dorniak
Agnieszka Boratyn-Nowicka
Małgorzata Borowska
Andrzej Cichocki
Jarosław B. Ćwikła
Massimo Falconi
Wanda Foltyn
Daria Handkiewicz-Junak
Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
Barbara Jarząb
Roman Junik
Dariusz Kajdaniuk
Grzegorz Kamiński
Agnieszka Kolasińska-Ćwikła
Aldona Kowalska
Robert Król
Leszek Królicki
Jolanta Kunikowska
Katarzyna Kuśnierz
Paweł Lampe
Dariusz Lange
Anna Lewczuk-Myślicka
Andrzej Lewiński
Michał Lipiński
Magdalena Londzin-Olesik
Bogdan Marek
Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer
Ewa Nowakowska-Duława
Jakub Pałucki
Joanna Pilch-Kowalczyk
Violetta Rosiek
Marek Ruchała
Lucyna Siemińska
Anna Sowa-Staszczak
Teresa Starzyńska
Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska
Janusz Strzelczyk
Krzysztof Sworczak
Anhelli Syrenicz
Andrzej Szawłowski
Marek Szczepkowski
Ewa Wachuła
Wojciech Zajęcki
Wojciech Zgliczyński
Beata Kos-Kudła
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