Immunological disturbances in diabetes

Abstract

Immunological disturbances in diabetes are important patophysiological factors in development of diabetes type 1 as well as diabetes type 2. In diabetes type 1 immunological disturbances concern mainly autoimmune process. On the genetic background and environmental factors lymphocytes T lid to selective β cells destruction. These autoimmune abnormalities could be dividing on humoral — antibodies against β cells antigen and cellular, mainly cytokines produce by lymphocytes and macrophages. Particularly important in the clinical point of view are humoral immune markers. There can be use for evaluation of the risk to developing diabetes type 1, identification of patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Furthermore there are markers of b cell secretion capacity and could be apply for prediction use of insulin in group of patients with diabetes type 2. It is well established that insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are central to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In this type of diabetes immunological disturbances are not so particular and are mainly connected with chronic inflammation. It is well known, that insulin resistance as well as secretory function of β cells correlates with presence of inflammatory cytokines.