Vol 7, No 2 (2006): Practical Diabetology
Review article
Published online: 2006-05-16
Genetic background of type 2 diabetes
Diabetologia Praktyczna 2006;7(2):67-77.
Abstract
Clinical picture of the type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is influenced
by two major, coexisting conditions: impaired
insulin secretion and insulin resistance. As
a result of efforts of the scientists around the world
mutations and polymorphisms in a number of genes
were linked with monogenic and polygenic
forms of T2DM. Monogenic forms, despite their rarity,
were the field where a substantial progress has
been achieved in recognising the molecular background
of T2DM. The monogenic forms comprise
MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young), mitochondrial
diabetes (MIDD — maternally inherited
diabetes with deafness) and certain rare forms resulting
mainly from severe insulin resistance. Efforts
aiming to identify genes responsible for more common,
polygenic form of T2DM were not so fruitful.
The complex, polygenic form of T2DM occurs as an
effect of interaction of many environmental and
genetic factors, such as certain common gene polymorphisms.
So far, only several sequence differences
have been verified to play role in the pathogenesis
of polygenic T2DM. These are the polymorphisms
in genes of calpain 10, PPARγ, KCNJ11 and insulin.
It is expected that in the nearest future more
T2DM susceptibility genes will be identified.
Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitusgeneticsMODYmitochondrial diabetesinsulin resistance