The renal transplantation over 60 years becomes a method of treatment of the end-stage renal failure. The surgical technique has been modified, better methods of donor-recipient matching have been developed, and new immunosuppressive medications have been introduced. Currently, a 1-year survival of a patient and graft is approximately 93% and 91%, whilst a 5-year survival — 91% and 77% respectively.
The renal transplantation is, just as any other surgical procedure, inextricably linked with surgical complications which may result in graft failure and even recipient’s death. Urologic complications are the most common type of complications following renal transplantation. Their incidence falls within the range of 2–20% of all transplantations.
Together with the development of new methods of diagnosis and treatment the procedure administered in the case of suspicion of urologic complications has also been changing. In most cases surgical treatment has been replaced with endoscopic techniques and only in rare cases it is necessary to remove the implanted graft. The purpose of this article is to analyse and summarise the latest reports on the urologic complications following kidney transplantation (KTx) in adults. This problem seems to be particularly important due to an increasing number of renal transplantations in Poland and scant information in the Polish literature about new diagnostic and therapeutic standards in the case of urologic complications following renal transplantation.