Vol 26, No 2 (2021)
Review paper
Published online: 2021-03-04

open access

Page views 1598
Article views/downloads 979
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Radiotherapy for cervical cancer: Chilean consensus of the Society of Radiation Oncology

Felipe Carvajal12, Claudia Carvajal1, Tomás Merino34, Verónica López1, Javier Retamales1, Evelyn San Martín5, Freddy Alarcón1, Mónica Cuevas1, Francisca Barahona1, Ignacio Véliz1, Juvenal A. Ríos6, Sergio Becerra7
Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2021;26(2):291-302.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a public health problem in Latin America. Radiotherapy plays a fundamental role both as definitive or adjuvant treatment. There are important intra and inter-country differences regarding access and availability of radiotherapy facilities in this region.

The aim of a study was to standardize the basic clinical and technical criteria for the radiation treatment of patients with CC in Chile and provide a guide for Latin American Radiation Oncologists.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one expert radiation oncologists from the Chilean Radiation Oncology Society made a consensus using the Delphi methodology.

RESULTS: There was a high degree of agreement for each of the recommendations. Those with the lowest percentage were related to the definition of the conformal 3D technique as the standard for definitive external radiotherapy (81%) and the criteria for extended nodal irradiation (85%).

CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations present an updated guide for radiotherapy treatment of patients with cervical cancer for Latin America. Those should be implemented according to local resources of each institution.

 

Article available in PDF format

View PDF Download PDF file

References

  1. GLOBOCAN statics. http://gco.iarc.fr/today/home (04/27/2020).
  2. Ministerio de Salud. Guía Clínica AUGE Cáncer Cérvico Uterino. Minsal, Santiago 2015.
  3. Bishr MK, Zaghloul MS. Radiation Therapy Availability in Africa and Latin America: Two Models of Low and Middle Income Countries. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018; 102(3): 490–498.
  4. Zubizarreta EH, Poitevin A, Levin CV. Overview of radiotherapy resources in Latin America: a survey by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Radiother Oncol. 2004; 73(1): 97–100.
  5. Guedea F, Ventura M, Londres B, et al. Overview of brachytherapy resources in Latin America: a patterns-of-care survey. Brachytherapy. 2011; 10(5): 363–368.
  6. Puglisi F, Bisagni G, Ciccarese M, et al. A Delphi consensus and open debate on the role of first-line bevacizumab for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Future Oncol. 2016; 12(22): 2589–2602.
  7. Likert R. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol . 1932; 22(140): 55–55.
  8. Mohile SG, Velarde C, Hurria A, et al. Geriatric Assessment-Guided Care Processes for Older Adults: A Delphi Consensus of Geriatric Oncology Experts. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2015; 13(9): 1120–1130.
  9. Manterola C, Asenjo-Lobos C, Otzen T. Jerarquización de la evidencia: Niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación de uso actual. Rev Chil Infectol. 2014; 31(6): 705–718.
  10. FIGO Committee on Gynecologic Oncology. FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and corpus uteri. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014; 125(2): 97–98.
  11. Small W, Mell LK, Anderson P, et al. Consensus guidelines for delineation of clinical target volume for intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy in postoperative treatment of endometrial and cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008; 71(2): 428–434.
  12. Lim K, Small W, Portelance L, et al. Gyn IMRT Consortium. Consensus guidelines for delineation of clinical target volume for intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy for the definitive treatment of cervix cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011; 79(2): 348–355.
  13. Toita T, Ohno T, Kaneyasu Y, et al. JCOG Radiation Therapy Study Group. A consensus-based guideline defining clinical target volume for primary disease in external beam radiotherapy for intact uterine cervical cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2011; 41(9): 1119–1126.
  14. Small W, Beriwal S, Demanes DJ, et al. American Brachytherapy Society. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy after hysterectomy. Brachytherapy. 2012; 11(1): 58–67.
  15. Viswanathan AN, Thomadsen B. American Brachytherapy Society Cervical Cancer Recommendations Committee, American Brachytherapy Society. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part I: general principles. Brachytherapy. 2012; 11(1): 33–46.
  16. Haie-Meder C, Pötter R, Van Limbergen E, et al. Gynaecological (GYN) GEC-ESTRO Working Group. Recommendations from Gynaecological (GYN) GEC-ESTRO Working Group (I): concepts and terms in 3D image based 3D treatment planning in cervix cancer brachytherapy with emphasis on MRI assessment of GTV and CTV. Radiother Oncol. 2005; 74(3): 235–245.
  17. Dimopoulos JCA, Petrow P, Tanderup K, et al. Recommendations from Gynaecological (GYN) GEC-ESTRO Working Group (IV): Basic principles and parameters for MR imaging within the frame of image based adaptive cervix cancer brachytherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2012; 103(1): 113–122.
  18. Cibula D, Pötter R, Planchamp F, et al. The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology/European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology/European Society of Pathology Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Cervical Cancer. Virchows Arch. 2018; 472(6): 919–936.
  19. Lim MC, Lee M, Shim SH, et al. Practice guidelines for management of cervical cancer in Korea: a Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology Consensus Statement. J Gynecol Oncol. 2017; 28(3): e22.
  20. Chopra SJ, Mathew A, Maheshwari A, et al. National Cancer Grid of India Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cervical Cancer. J Glob Oncol. 2018; 4: 1–15.
  21. Chino J, Annunziata CM, Beriwal S, et al. Radiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer: Executive Summary of an ASTRO Clinical Practice Guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2020; 10(4): 220–234.
  22. Sedlis A, Bundy BN, Rotman MZ, et al. A randomized trial of pelvic radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol. 1999; 73(2): 177–183.
  23. Rotman M, Sedlis A, Piedmonte MR, et al. A phase III randomized trial of postoperative pelvic irradiation in Stage IB cervical carcinoma with poor prognostic features: follow-up of a gynecologic oncology group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 65(1): 169–176.
  24. Peters WA, Liu PY, Barrett RJ, et al. Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18(8): 1606–1613.
  25. Monk BJ, Wang J, Im S, et al. Gynecologic Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Rethinking the use of radiation and chemotherapy after radical hysterectomy: a clinical-pathologic analysis of a Gynecologic Oncology Group/Southwest Oncology Group/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2005; 96(3): 721–728.
  26. Rogers L, Siu SS, Luesley D, et al. Radiotherapy and chemoradiation after surgery for early cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(5): CD007583.
  27. Klopp AH, Yeung AR, Deshmukh S, et al. Patient-Reported Toxicity During Pelvic Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: NRG Oncology-RTOG 1203. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(24): 2538–2544.
  28. Yeung AR, Pugh S, Klopp AH, et al. IMRT Improves Late Toxicity Compared to Conventional RT: An Update on NRG Oncology-RTOG 1203. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019; 105(1): S50.
  29. Song S, Song C, Kim HJ, et al. 20 year experience of postoperative radiotherapy in IB-IIA cervical cancer patients with intermediate risk factors: impact of treatment period and concurrent chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2012; 124(1): 63–67.
  30. Hong JH, Tsai CS, Lai CH, et al. Postoperative low-pelvic irradiation for stage I–IIA cervical cancer patients with risk factors other than pelvic lymph node metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002; 53(5): 1284–1290.
  31. Soisson AP, Soper JT, Clarke-Pearson DL, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical hysterectomy for patients with stage IB and IIA cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1990; 37(3): 390–395.
  32. Kim D, Ki Y, Kim W, et al. Adjuvant external beam radiation and brachytherapy for vaginal resection margin positive cervical cancer. Radiat Oncol J. 2018; 36(2): 147–152.
  33. Landoni F, Colombo A, Milani R, et al. Randomized study between radical surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of stage IB-IIA cervical cancer: 20-year update. J Gynecol Oncol. 2017; 28(3): e34.
  34. Landoni F, Maneo A, Colombo A, et al. Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage Ib-IIa cervical cancer. Lancet. 1997; 350(9077): 535–540.
  35. Rose PG, Bundy BN, Watkins EB, et al. Concurrent cisplatin-based radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(15): 1144–1153.
  36. Keys HM, Bundy BN, Stehman FB, et al. Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(15): 1154–1161.
  37. Morris M, Eifel PJ, Lu J, et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(15): 1137–1143.
  38. Whitney CW, Sause W, Bundy BN, et al. Randomized comparison of fluorouracil plus cisplatin versus hydroxyurea as an adjunct to radiation therapy in stage IIB-IVA carcinoma of the cervix with negative para-aortic lymph nodes: a Gynecologic Oncology Group and Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17(5): 1339–1348.
  39. Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Cancer Meta-Analysis Collaboration. Reducing uncertainties about the effects of chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 18 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(35): 5802–5812.
  40. Du Xl, Tao J, Sheng Xg, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for advanced cervical cancer: a comparison of dosimetric and clinical outcomes with conventional radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2012; 125(1): 151–157.
  41. Chen SW, Liang JA, Hung YC, et al. Does initial 45Gy of pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy reduce late complications in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer? A cohort control study using definitive chemoradiotherapy with high-dose rate brachytherapy. Radiol Oncol. 2013; 47(2): 176–184.
  42. Wu MH, Chen JH, Tai HC, et al. Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy with Concurrent Chemotherapy for Elder Cervical Cancers: A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes with Conventional Radiotherapy. Int J Gerontol. 2016; 10(3): 159–163.
  43. Naik A, Gurjar OP, Gupta KL, et al. Comparison of dosimetric parameters and acute toxicity of intensity-modulated and three-dimensional radiotherapy in patients with cervix carcinoma: A randomized prospective study. Cancer Radiother. 2016; 20(5): 370–376.
  44. Gandhi AK, Sharma DN, Rath GK, et al. Early clinical outcomes and toxicity of intensity modulated versus conventional pelvic radiation therapy for locally advanced cervix carcinoma: a prospective randomized study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013; 87(3): 542–548.
  45. Kidd EA, Siegel BA, Dehdashti F, et al. Clinical outcomes of definitive intensity-modulated radiation therapy with fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography simulation in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 77(4): 1085–1091.
  46. Lin Y, Chen K, Lu Z, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for definitive treatment of cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Radiat Oncol. 2018; 13(1): 177.
  47. Cibula D, Pötter R, Planchamp F, et al. The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology/European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology/European Society of Pathology guidelines for the management of patients with cervical cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2018; 127(3): 404–416.
  48. Dimopoulos JCA, Schirl G, Baldinger A, et al. MRI assessment of cervical cancer for adaptive radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2009; 185(5): 282–287.
  49. Mazeron R, Petit C, Rivin E, et al. 45 or 50 Gy, Which is the Optimal Radiotherapy Pelvic Dose in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer in the Perspective of Reaching Magnetic Resonance Image-guided Adaptive Brachytherapy Planning Aims? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2016; 28(3): 171–177.
  50. Pötter R, Tanderup K, Kirisits C, et al. EMBRACE Collaborative Group. The EMBRACE II study: The outcome and prospect of two decades of evolution within the GEC-ESTRO GYN working group and the EMBRACE studies. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2018; 9: 48–60.
  51. EMBRACE. https://www.embracestudy.dk/Public/Default.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2f (11/07/2019).
  52. Perez CA, Grigsby PW, Castro-Vita H, et al. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix. I. Impact of prolongation of overall treatment time and timing of brachytherapy on outcome of radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995; 32(5): 1275–1288.
  53. Petereit DG, Sarkaria JN, Chappell R, et al. The adverse effect of treatment prolongation in cervical carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995; 32(5): 1301–1307.
  54. Lanciano RM, Pajak TF, Martz K, et al. The influence of treatment time on outcome for squamous cell cancer of the uterine cervix treated with radiation: a patterns-of-care study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993; 25(3): 391–397.
  55. Girinsky T, Rey A, Roche B, et al. Overall treatment time in advanced cervical carcinomas: a critical parameter in treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993; 27(5): 1051–1056.
  56. Tanderup K, Fokdal LU, Sturdza A, et al. Effect of tumor dose, volume and overall treatment time on local control after radiochemotherapy including MRI guided brachytherapy of locally advanced cervical cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2016; 120(3): 441–446.
  57. Fenkell L, Assenholt M, Nielsen SK, et al. Parametrial boost using midline shielding results in an unpredictable dose to tumor and organs at risk in combined external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011; 79(5): 1572–1579.
  58. Rajasooriyar C, Van Dyk S, Lindawati M, et al. Reviewing the role of parametrial boost in patients with cervical cancer with clinically involved parametria and staged with positron emission tomography. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012; 22(9): 1532–1537.
  59. Tewari KS, Monk BJ. Chapter 3 — Invasive Cervical Cancer. In: Di Saia PJ, Creasman W. ed. Clinical Gynecologic Oncology. 8th ed. Mosby, Philadelphia 2012: 51–119.
  60. Patel CN, Nazir SA, Khan Z, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT of cervical carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011; 196(5): 1225–1233.
  61. Marth C, Landoni F, Mahner S, et al. ESMO Guidelines Committee. Cervical cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017; 28(suppl_4): iv72–iv83.
  62. Rotman M, Pajak TF, Choi K, et al. Prophylactic extended-field irradiation of para-aortic lymph nodes in stages IIB and bulky IB and IIA cervical carcinomas. Ten-year treatment results of RTOG 79-20. JAMA. 1995; 274(5): 387–393.
  63. Rotman M, Choi K, Guse C, et al. Prophylactic irradiation of the para-aortic lymph node chain in stage IIB and bulky stage IB carcinoma of the cervix, initial treatment results of RTOG 7920. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990; 19(3): 513–521.
  64. Wang W, Liu X, Meng Q, et al. Prophylactic Extended-Field Irradiation for Patients With Cervical Cancer Treated With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2018; 28(8): 1584–1591.
  65. Haie C, Pejovic MH, Gerbaulet A, et al. Is prophylactic para-aortic irradiation worthwhile in the treatment of advanced cervical carcinoma? Results of a controlled clinical trial of the EORTC radiotherapy group. Radiother Oncol. 1988; 11(2): 101–112.
  66. Eifel PJ, Winter K, Morris M, et al. Pelvic irradiation with concurrent chemotherapy versus pelvic and para-aortic irradiation for high-risk cervical cancer: an update of radiation therapy oncology group trial (RTOG) 90-01. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(5): 872–880.
  67. Osborne EM, Klopp AH, Jhingran A, et al. Definitive Extended-Field Radiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer Patients With Para-Aortic Lymph Node Metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015; 93(3): S202–S203.
  68. Vargo JA, Kim H, Choi S, et al. Extended field intensity modulated radiation therapy with concomitant boost for lymph node-positive cervical cancer: analysis of regional control and recurrence patterns in the positron emission tomography/computed tomography era. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 90(5): 1091–1098.
  69. Bacorro W, Dumas I, Escande A, et al. Dose-volume effects in pathologic lymph nodes in locally advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2018; 148(3): 461–467.
  70. Grigsby PW, Singh AK, Siegel BA, et al. Lymph node control in cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 59(3): 706–712.
  71. Wakatsuki M, Ohno T, Kato S, et al. Impact of boost irradiation on pelvic lymph node control in patients with cervical cancer. J Radiat Res. 2014; 55(1): 139–145.
  72. Orton C, Seyedsadr M, Somnay A. Comparison of high and low dose rate remote afterloading for cervix cancer and the importance of fractionation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991; 21(6): 1425–1434.
  73. Patel FD, Sharma SC, Negi PS, et al. Low dose rate vs. high dose rate brachytherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994; 28(2): 335–341.
  74. Kim H, Rajagopalan MS, Beriwal S, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of 3D image-guided brachytherapy compared with 2D brachytherapy in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer. Brachytherapy. 2015; 14(1): 29–36.
  75. Pelloski CE, Palmer M, Chronowski GM, et al. Comparison between CT-based volumetric calculations and ICRU reference-point estimates of radiation doses delivered to bladder and rectum during intracavitary radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 62(1): 131–137.
  76. Lee KK, Lee JY, Nam JMo, et al. High-dose-rate vs. low-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Brachytherapy. 2015; 14(4): 449–457.
  77. The Transition from 2-D Brachytherapy to 3-D High Dose Rate Brachytherapy: Training Material. Thttps://www.iaea.org/publications/10982/the-transition-from-2-d-brachytherapy-to-3-d-high-dose-rate-brachytherapy-training-material (04/27/2020).
  78. Charra-Brunaud C, Harter V, Delannes M, et al. Impact of 3D image-based PDR brachytherapy on outcome of patients treated for cervix carcinoma in France: results of the French STIC prospective study. Radiother Oncol. 2012; 103(3): 305–313.
  79. Tanderup K, Lindegaard JC, Kirisits C, et al. Image Guided Adaptive Brachytherapy in cervix cancer: A new paradigm changing clinical practice and outcome. Radiother Oncol. 2016; 120(3): 365–369.
  80. Tanderup K, Georg D, Pötter R, et al. Adaptive management of cervical cancer radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2010; 20(2): 121–129.
  81. Tanderup K, Viswanathan AN, Kirisits C, et al. Magnetic resonance image guided brachytherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2014; 24(3): 181–191.
  82. Serban M, Kirisits C, de Leeuw A, et al. EMBRACE Collaborative Group. Ring Versus Ovoids and Intracavitary Versus Intracavitary-Interstitial Applicators in Cervical Cancer Brachytherapy: Results From the EMBRACE I Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020; 106(5): 1052–1062.
  83. Kashihara T, Kobayashi K, Iijima K, et al. A case report of a patient with bulky uterine cervical neoplasm who achieved complete response with "intentional internal high-dose policy" high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99(27): e20860.
  84. Fokdal L, Sturdza A, Mazeron R, et al. Image guided adaptive brachytherapy with combined intracavitary and interstitial technique improves the therapeutic ratio in locally advanced cervical cancer: Analysis from the retroEMBRACE study. Radiother Oncol. 2016; 120(3): 434–440.
  85. Smolic M, Sombroek C, Bloemers MC, et al. Prediction of optimal needle configuration in the first fraction of cervix brachytherapy. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2019; 10: 14–18.
  86. Wachter-Gerstner N, Wachter S, Reinstadler E, et al. The impact of sectional imaging on dose escalation in endocavitary HDR-brachytherapy of cervical cancer: results of a prospective comparative trial. Radiother Oncol. 2003; 68(1): 51–59.
  87. Wachter S, Gerstner N, Lefaza D, et al. 6The impact of MRI on the delineation of gross tumour volume in cervical cancer treatment planning: An interobserver analysis. Radiother Oncol. 2001; 60: S2–S3.
  88. Viswanathan AN, Erickson B, Gaffney DK, et al. Comparison and consensus guidelines for delineation of clinical target volume for CT- and MR-based brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 90(2): 320–328.
  89. Kamran SC, Manuel MM, Cho LP, et al. Comparison of outcomes for MR-guided versus CT-guided high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy in women with locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 2017; 145(2): 284–290.
  90. Mahantshetty U, Naga Ch P, Khadanga CR, et al. A Prospective Comparison of Computed Tomography with Transrectal Ultrasonography Assistance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Target-Volume Definition During Image Guided Adaptive Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018; 102(5): 1448–1456.