Background: Poland represents a country of high cardiovascular (CV) risk. The association between lipid abnormalities and increased CV risk is well established. Therefore, it is important to monitor the prevalence and control of dyslipidaemia.

Aim: To evaluate serum lipids concentrations as well as the prevalence, awareness, and control of lipid abnormalities in a representative sample of adults in Poland.

Methods: In 2011, in a national cross-sectional survey blood samples were collected from 1168 males and 1245 females, aged 18–79 years, for measurement of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) in blood serum. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald’s formula.

Results: Mean serum TC concentration was 197.1 mg/dL (95% CI 193.8–200.4) in males (M) and 198.6 mg/dL (95% CI 195.7–201.5) in females (F). Levels of LDL-C were 123.6 mg/dL (120.9–126.2) and 123.7 mg/dL (121.4–126.1), HDL-C — 45.8 mg/dL (44.7–47.0) and 54.1 mg/dL (53.1–55.1), TG — 140.9 mg/dL (133.0–148.8) and 104.0 mg/dL (99.8–108.2) for males and females, respectively. TC ≥ 190 mg/dL was found in 54.3% subjects (M 54.3%; F 54.4%). After adding patients on lipid-lowering treatment, hypercholesterolaemia was present in 61.1% of adults (M 60.8%; F 61.3%). LDL-C ≥ 115 mg/dL was detected in 57.8% of all subjects (M 58.3%; F 57.3%), while HDL-C < 40 mg/dL in 35.2% of males and < 45 mg/dL in 22% of females TG ≥ 150 mg/dL was found in 21.1% of subjects (M 28.4%; F 14.0%). The highest prevalence of elevated TC and LDL-C levels was present in the age group of 40–59-year-olds. Of those with hypercholesterolaemia 58.7% (M 61.5%, F 56.0%) were not aware of the condition; 22.0% (M 21.0%, F 24.5%) were aware but were not being treated; 8.1% (M 7.7%, F 8.5%) were treated but with TC ≥ 190 mg/dL; and only 10.9% (M 10.7%, F 11.0%) were being treated with TC < 190 mg/dL.

Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidaemia in Poland continues to be high — over 60% of adults have hypercholesterolaemia, and control remains poor. The results of the NATPOL 2011 survey call for urgent preventive measures.