Multimedialna platforma wiedzy medycznej Internetowa Księgarnia Medyczna Kalendarium Konferencji
Ophthalmology Journal
MENU
Shortcuts Submit an article Author Guidelines Ahead Of Print

open access

Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Review paper
Published online: 2017-03-22
View PDF Download PDF file View HTML
Get Citation

Blepharitis and Demodex spp. infection

Karolina Kot, Maciej Czepita, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, Damian Czepita
DOI: 10.5603/OJ.2017.0006
·
Ophthalmol J 2017;2(1):22-27.

open access

Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
REVIEW
Published online: 2017-03-22

Abstract

According to the latest reports Demodex mites appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic blepharitis. Demodex mites are cosmopolitan and are present in many species of mammals. In this paper we describe two species that are found in humans: Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis. Infection occurs during direct contact with an affected person and also through contact with dust containing eggs of the parasite, through contact with bed linen, as well as cosmetics used together with an affected person. Treatment of chronic blepharitis caused by D. folliculorum and D. brevis is difficult and time consuming. Some improvement can be achieved after topical application of yellow mercury ointment, sulphuric ointment, camphor oil, crotamiton, cholinesterase inhibitors, sulfacetamide, steroids, antibiotics and antifungal drugs. Good results have been achieved with oral ivermectin and permethrin cream. However, the best results were observed after treatment with metronidazole.  

Abstract

According to the latest reports Demodex mites appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic blepharitis. Demodex mites are cosmopolitan and are present in many species of mammals. In this paper we describe two species that are found in humans: Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis. Infection occurs during direct contact with an affected person and also through contact with dust containing eggs of the parasite, through contact with bed linen, as well as cosmetics used together with an affected person. Treatment of chronic blepharitis caused by D. folliculorum and D. brevis is difficult and time consuming. Some improvement can be achieved after topical application of yellow mercury ointment, sulphuric ointment, camphor oil, crotamiton, cholinesterase inhibitors, sulfacetamide, steroids, antibiotics and antifungal drugs. Good results have been achieved with oral ivermectin and permethrin cream. However, the best results were observed after treatment with metronidazole.  

Full Text:

View PDF Download PDF file View HTML
Get Citation

Keywords

pathogenesis, infection, ocular demodicosis, treatment

About this article
Title

Blepharitis and Demodex spp. infection

Journal

Ophthalmology Journal

Issue

Vol 2, No 1 (2017)

Article type

Review paper

Pages

22-27

Published online

2017-03-22

Page views

1768

Article views/downloads

13349

DOI

10.5603/OJ.2017.0006

Bibliographic record

Ophthalmol J 2017;2(1):22-27.

Keywords

pathogenesis
infection
ocular demodicosis
treatment

Authors

Karolina Kot
Maciej Czepita
Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
Damian Czepita

References (59)
  1. Rodolfo L, Rodriguez OD, Blepharitis disease and its management. American Optometric Association, Paraoptometric Section. http://www.aoa.org/documents/optometricstaff/blepharitis_disease_and_its_management. pdf.
  2. Rather PA, Hassan I. Human demodex mite: the versatile mite of dermatological importance. Indian J Dermatol. 2014; 59(1): 60–66.
    CrossRefPubMed
  3. Yagdiran Düzgün O, Aytekin S. Comparison of Demodex folliculorum density in haemodialysis patients with a control group. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007; 21(4): 480–483.
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. Elston DM. Demodex mites: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2010; 28(5): 502–504.
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. Bhandari V, Reddy JK. Blepharitis: always remember demodex. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2014; 21(4): 317–320.
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. Gunnarsdottir S, Kristmundsson A, Freeman MA, et al. [Demodex folliculorum a hidden cause of blepharitis]. Laeknabladid. 2016; 102(5): 231–235.
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. Izdebska JN. Roztocze skórne człowieka i zwierząt domowych. In: Majkowska-Wojciechowska B. ed. Alergologia w praktyce. Alergia na roztocze. Mediton, Łódź 2005: 95–105.
  8. Zhang XY, Sun XG. [Progress of study on the demodex blepharitis]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2016; 52(4): 315–320.
    PubMed
  9. Buczek A. Choroby pasożytnicze, epidemiologia, diagnostyka, objawy. Koliber, Lublin 2005.
  10. Zhao Y, Guo N, Zeng X, et al. Morphology and Demodex mites survival temperature range of observation and research. Entomological J. 2005; 48: 754–758.
  11. Marcinowska Z, Kosik-Bogacka D, Lanocha-Arendarczyk N, et al. [Demodex folliculorum and demodex brevis]. Pomeranian J Life Sci. 2015; 61(1): 108–114.
    PubMed
  12. Cheng AMS, Sheha H, Tseng SCG. Recent advances on ocular Demodex infestation. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2015; 26(4): 295–300.
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. Garbacewicz A, Udziela M, Grytner-Ziecina B, et al. Demodex infections in general Polish population, in patients suffering from blepharitis, and among people who work with microscopes. Klin Oczna. 2010; 112(10-12): 307–310.
    PubMed
  14. Kuźna-Grygiel W, Kosik-Bogacka D, Czepita D, et al. Objawowe i bezobjawowe inwazje Demodex spp. powiek u osób w różnych grupach wiekowych. Wiad Parazytol. 2004; 50: 55–61.
  15. Buczek A. Choroby pasożytnicze. Koliber, Lublin 2010.
  16. Wesolowska M, Knysz B, Reich A, et al. Prevalence of Demodex spp. in eyelash follicles in different populations. Arch Med Sci. 2014; 10(2): 319–324.
    CrossRefPubMed
  17. Liu J, Sheha H, Tseng SCG. Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 10(5): 505–510.
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. Arriaga C, Domingues M, Castela G, et al. Pediatric ocular rosacea, a misdiagnosed disease with high morbidity: Proposed diagnostic criteria. World Journal of Dermatologyy. 2016; 5(2): 109.
    CrossRef
  19. Cao YS, You QX, Wang L, et al. [Facial Demodex infection among college students in Tangshan]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2009; 27(3): 271–273.
    PubMed
  20. Raszeja-Kotelba B, Jenerowicz D, Izdebska JN, et al. [Some aspects of the skin infestation by Demodex folliculorum]. Wiad Parazytol. 2004; 50(1): 41–54.
    PubMed
  21. Forton F, Germaux MA, Brasseur T, et al. Demodicosis and rosacea: epidemiology and significance in daily dermatologic practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005; 52(1): 74–87.
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. Horváth A, Neubrandt DM, Ghidán Á, et al. Risk factors and prevalence of Demodex mites in young adults. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2011; 58(2): 145–155.
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. Yamashita LS, Cariello AJ, Geha NM, et al. Demodex folliculorum on the eyelash follicle of diabetic patients. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011; 74(6): 422–424.
    PubMed
  24. Dokuyucu R, Kaya OA, Yula E, et al. The Presence of Demodex Folliculorum in Various Obese Groups According to BMI Levels. Arch Iran Med. 2016; 19(3): 210–214.
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. Gökçe C, Aycan-Kaya Ö, Yula E, et al. The effect of blood glucose regulation on the presence of opportunistic Demodex folliculorum mites in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Int Med Res. 2013; 41(5): 1752–1758.
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. Kosik-Bogacka DI, Lanocha N, Lanocha A, et al. Role of Demodex folliculorum in the pathogenesis of blepharitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012; 90(7): e579.
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. Kosik-Bogacka DI, Łanocha N, Łanocha A, et al. Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in healthy and immunocompromised patients. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2013; 20(3): 159–163.
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. Kurt RK, Kaya OA, Karateke A, et al. Increased density of Demodex folliculorum mites in pregnancies with gestational diabetes. Med Princ Pract. 2014; 23(4): 369–372.
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. Chen W, Plewig G. Human demodicosis: revisit and a proposed classification. Br J Dermatol. 2014; 170(6): 1219–1225.
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. Karincaoglu Y, Esrefoglu Seyhan M, Bayram N, et al. Incidence of Demodex folliculorum in patients with end stage chronic renal failure. Ren Fail. 2005; 27(5): 495–499.
    PubMed
  31. Tian Y, Li CP. Demodex infection of the eyelids in patients with eyelid investigation. Chin J Parasitol Dis Control. 2004; 17: 236–237.
  32. Türk M, Oztürk I, Sener AG, et al. Comparison of incidence of Demodex folliculorum on the eyelash follicule in normal people and blepharitis patients. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2007; 31(4): 296–297.
    PubMed
  33. Kemal M, Sümer Z, Toker MI, et al. The Prevalence of Demodex folliculorum in blepharitis patients and the normal population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005; 12(4): 287–290.
    CrossRefPubMed
  34. Bevins CL, Liu FT. Rosacea: skin innate immunity gone awry? Nat Med. 2007; 13(8): 904–906.
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. Lacey N, Kavanagh K, Tseng SCG. Under the lash: Demodex mites in human diseases. Biochem (Lond). 2009; 31(4): 2–6.
    PubMed
  36. Köksal M, Kargi S, Tayşi BN, et al. A rare agent of chalazion: demodectic mites. Can J Ophthalmol. 2003; 38(7): 605–606.
    PubMed
  37. Liang L, Ding X, Tseng SCG. High prevalence of demodex brevis infestation in chalazia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 157(2): 342–348.e1.
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. Yam JCS, Tang BSF, Chan TM, et al. Ocular demodicidosis as a risk factor of adult recurrent chalazion. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014; 24(2): 159–163.
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. Kim JH, Chun YS, Kim JC. Clinical and immunological responses in ocular demodecosis. J Korean Med Sci. 2011; 26(9): 1231–1237.
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. Koo H, Kim TH, Kim KW, et al. Ocular surface discomfort and Demodex: effect of tea tree oil eyelid scrub in Demodex blepharitis. J Korean Med Sci. 2012; 27(12): 1574–1579.
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. Akilov OE, Mumcuoglu KY. Immune response in demodicosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004; 18(4): 440–444.
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. Gao YY, Di Pascuale MA, Elizondo A, et al. Clinical treatment of ocular demodecosis by lid scrub with tea tree oil. Cornea. 2007; 26(2): 136–143.
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. Kheirkhah A, Casas V, Li W, et al. Corneal manifestations of ocular demodex infestation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007; 143(5): 743–749.
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. Inceboz T, Yaman A, Over L, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of demodectic blepharitis. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2009; 33(1): 32–36.
    PubMed
  45. Rufli T, Mumcuoglu Y. The hair follicle mites Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis: biology and medical importance. A review. Dermatologica. 1981; 162(1): 1–11.
    PubMed
  46. Diaz-Perez JL. Demodex mites in rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994; 30(5 Pt 1): 812–813.
    PubMed
  47. Spickett SG. A preliminary note on Demodex folliculorum Simon (1842), as a possible vector of leprosy. Lepr Rev. 1961; 32: 263–268.
    PubMed
  48. Lacey N, Delaney S, Kavanagh K, et al. Mite-related bacterial antigens stimulate inflammatory cells in rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 157(3): 474–481.
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. Szkaradkiewicz A, Chudzicka-Strugała I, Karpiński TM, et al. Bacillus oleronius and Demodex mite infestation in patients with chronic blepharitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012; 18(10): 1020–1025.
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. Clifford CW, Fulk GW. Association of diabetes, lash loss, and Staphylococcus aureus with infestation of eyelids by Demodex folliculorum (Acari: Demodicidae). J Med Entomol. 1990; 27(4): 467–470.
    PubMed
  51. Lee SH, Chun YS, Kim JH, et al. The relationship between demodex and ocular discomfort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51(6): 2906–2911.
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. Wolf R, Ophir J, Avigad J, et al. The hair follicle mites (Demodex spp.). Could they be vectors of pathogenic microorganisms? Acta Derm Venereol. 1988; 68(6): 535–537.
    PubMed
  53. Hallur V, Singh G, Rudramurthy SM, et al. Demodex mite infestation of unknown significance in a patient with rhinocerebral mucormycosis due to Apophysomyces elegans species complex. J Med Microbiol. 2013; 62(Pt 6): 926–928.
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. Schmidt P, Kocięcki J, Dalz M, et al. Chronic Demodex related blepharitis: new aspects of treatment. Farm Współ. 2010; 3: 210–213.
  55. Chovatiya RJ, Colegio OR. Demodicosis in Renal Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant. 2016; 16(2): 712–716.
    CrossRefPubMed
  56. Filho PA, Hazarbassanov RM, Grisolia AB, et al. The efficacy of oral ivermectin for the treatment of chronic blepharitis in patients tested positive for Demodex spp. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011; 95(6): 893–895.
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. Brown M, Hernández-Martín A, Clement A, et al. Severe demodexfolliculorum-associated oculocutaneous rosacea in a girl successfully treated with ivermectin. JAMA Dermatol. 2014; 150(1): 61–63.
    CrossRefPubMed
  58. Czepita D, Kosik-Bogacka D. Eyelid demodicosis. Russ Ophthalmol J. 2014; 7: 107–110.
  59. Nicholls SG, Oakley CL, Tan A, et al. Demodex species in human ocular disease: new clinicopathological aspects. Int Ophthalmol. 2017; 37(1): 303–312.
    CrossRefPubMed

Regulations

Important: This website uses cookies. More >>

The cookies allow us to identify your computer and find out details about your last visit. They remembering whether you've visited the site before, so that you remain logged in - or to help us work out how many new website visitors we get each month. Most internet browsers accept cookies automatically, but you can change the settings of your browser to erase cookies or prevent automatic acceptance if you prefer.

Publisher: VM Media Group sp. z o.o., Grupa Via Medica, 73 Świętokrzyska St., 80–180 Gdańsk

tel.:+48 58 310 94 94, faks:+48 58 320 94 60, e-mail: viamedica@viamedica.pl