Advanced search

Vol 16, No 6 (2020)
Guidelines / Expert consensus
Published online: 2021-01-12

open access

View PDF Download PDF file
Page views 932
Article views/downloads 676
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Polish Society of Clinical Oncology and Polish Urological Association Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of renal cell cancer

Piotr J. Wysocki1, Piotr Chłosta2, Robert Chrzan3, Anna Czech4, Katarzyna Gronostaj2, Kamil Konopka1, Maciej Krzakowski5, Jakub Kucharz6, Krzysztof Małecki7, Mikołaj Przydacz2, Piotr Tomczak8, Paweł Wiechno6, Jakub Żołnierek6
DOI: 10.5603/OCP.2020.0029
Oncol Clin Pract 2020;16(6):301-330.

Abstract

.

Keywords: renal cell cancerRCCnephrectomytargeted therapytyrosine kinase inhibitorsanti-angiogenic therapydiagnostics

Article available in PDF format

View PDF Download PDF file

References

  1. Montori VM, Guyatt GH. Progress in evidence-based medicine. JAMA. 2008; 300(15): 1814–1816.
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. Cherny NI, Dafni U, Bogaerts J, et al. ESMO-Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale version 1.1. Ann Oncol. 2017; 28(10): 2340–2366.
    CrossRefPubMed
  3. Antwi SO, Eckel-Passow JE, Diehl ND, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control. 2017; 28(8): 857–866.
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. Israel GM, Bosniak MA. How I do it: evaluating renal masses. Radiology. 2005; 236(2): 441–450.
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. Choudhary S, Rajesh A, Mayer NJ, et al. Renal oncocytoma: CT features cannot reliably distinguish oncocytoma from other renal neoplasms. Clin Radiol. 2009; 64(5): 517–522.
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. Hindman N, Ngo L, Genega EM, et al. Angiomyolipoma with minimal fat: can it be differentiated from clear cell renal cell carcinoma by using standard MR techniques? Radiology. 2012; 265(2): 468–477.
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. Silverman SG, Pedrosa I, Ellis JH, et al. Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses, version 2019: an update proposal and needs assessment. Radiology. 2019; 292(2): 475–488.
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. Kang SK, Zhang A, Pandharipande PV, et al. DWI for renal mass characterization: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015; 205(2): 317–324.
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. Mueller-Lisse UG, Mueller-Lisse UL. Imaging of advanced renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol. 2010; 28(3): 253–261.
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. Putra LG, Minor TX, Bolton DM, et al. Improved assessment of renal lesions in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging. Urology. 2009; 74(3): 535–539.
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. Defortescu G, Cornu JN, Béjar S, et al. Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of complex renal cysts: A prospective study. Int J Urol. 2017; 24(3): 184–189.
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. Capogrosso P, Capitanio U, La Croce G, et al. Follow-up After Treatment for Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Evidence Beyond the Guidelines. Eur Urol Focus. 2016; 1(3): 272–281.
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. Sadowski EA, Bennett LK, Chan MR, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: risk factors and incidence estimation. Radiology. 2007; 243(1): 148–157.
    CrossRefPubMed
  14. Grünwald V, Eberhardt B, Bex A, et al. An interdisciplinary consensus on the management of bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol. 2018; 15(8): 511–521.
    CrossRefPubMed
  15. Liu Y. The place of FDG PET/CT in renal cell carcinoma: value and limitations. Front Oncol. 2016; 6: 201.
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010; 17(6): 1471–1474.
    CrossRefPubMed
  17. Verhoest G, Avakian R, Bensalah K, et al. Urinary collecting system invasion is an independent prognostic factor of organ confined renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2009; 182(3): 854–859.
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. Anderson CB, Clark PE, Morgan TM, et al. Urinary collecting system invasion is a predictor for overall and disease-specific survival in locally invasive renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2011; 78(1): 99–104.
    CrossRefPubMed
  19. Gilbert SM, Murphy AM, Katz AE, et al. Reevaluation of TNM staging of renal cortical tumors: recurrence and survival for T1N0M0 and T3aN0M0 tumors are equivalent. Urology. 2006; 68(2): 287–291.
    CrossRefPubMed
  20. Alt AL, Boorjian SA, Lohse CM, et al. Survival after complete surgical resection of multiple metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2011; 117(13): 2873–2882.
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Smith RB, et al. Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria. J Urol. 2000; 163(4): 1090–5; quiz 1295.
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. Sengupta S, Lohse CM, Leibovich BC, et al. Histologic coagulative tumor necrosis as a prognostic indicator of renal cell carcinoma aggressiveness. Cancer. 2005; 104(3): 511–520.
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Murphy BA, et al. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20(1): 289–296.
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. Heng DYC, Xie W, Regan MM, et al. External validation and comparison with other models of the International Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium prognostic model: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(2): 141–148.
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. Ko JJ, Xie W, Kroeger N, et al. The International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium model as a prognostic tool in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma previously treated with first-line targeted therapy: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16(3): 293–300.
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. Hollingsworth JM, Miller DC, Daignault S, et al. Five-year survival after surgical treatment for kidney cancer: a population-based competing risk analysis. Cancer. 2007; 109(9): 1763–1768.
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. Lane BR, Abouassaly R, Gao T, et al. Active treatment of localized renal tumors may not impact overall survival in patients aged 75 years or older. Cancer. 2010; 116(13): 3119–3126.
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. Smaldone MC, Kutikov A, Egleston BL, et al. Small renal masses progressing to metastases under active surveillance: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Cancer. 2012; 118(4): 997–1006.
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. Pierorazio PM, Johnson MH, Ball MW, et al. Five-year analysis of a multi-institutional prospective clinical trial of delayed intervention and surveillance for small renal masses: the DISSRM registry. Eur Urol. 2015; 68(3): 408–415.
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. Uzosike AC, Patel HD, Alam R, et al. Growth kinetics of small renal masses on active surveillance: variability and results from the DISSRM registry. J Urol. 2018; 199(3): 641–648.
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. Jiang K, Tang K, Guo X, et al. Laparoscopic cryoablation vs. percutaneous cryoablation for treatment of small renal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017; 8(16): 27635–27644.
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. Aboumarzouk OM, Ismail M, Breen DJ, et al. Laparoscopic vs percutaneous cryotherapy for renal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endourol. 2018; 32(3): 177–183.
    CrossRefPubMed
  33. O'Malley RL, Berger AD, Kanofsky JA, et al. A matched-cohort comparison of laparoscopic cryoablation and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for treating renal masses. BJU Int. 2007; 99(2): 395–398.
    CrossRefPubMed
  34. Ko YH, Park HS, Moon DuG, et al. A matched-cohort comparison of laparoscopic renal cryoablation using ultra-thin cryoprobes with open partial nephrectomy for the treatment of small renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat. 2008; 40(4): 184–189.
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. Guillotreau J, Haber GP, Autorino R, et al. Robotic partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic cryoablation for the small renal mass. Eur Urol. 2012; 61(5): 899–904.
    CrossRefPubMed
  36. Deng W, Chen L, Wang Y, et al. Cryoablation versus partial nephrectomy for clinical stage T1 renal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer. 2019; 10(5): 1226–1236.
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. Trudeau V, Larcher A, Boehm K, et al. Comparison of Postoperative Complications and Mortality Between Laparoscopic and Percutaneous Local Tumor Ablation for T1a Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Population-based Study. Urology. 2016; 89: 63–67.
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. Young EE, Castle SM, Gorbatiy V, et al. Comparison of safety, renal function outcomes and efficacy of laparoscopic and percutaneous radio frequency ablation of renal masses. J Urol. 2012; 187(4): 1177–1182.
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. Lian H, Guo H, Zhang G, et al. Single-center comparison of complications in laparoscopic and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation with ultrasound guidance for renal tumors. Urology. 2012; 80(1): 119–124.
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. Kim SD, Yoon SG, Sung GT. Radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors: four-year follow-up results in 47 patients. Korean J Radiol. 2012; 13(5): 625–633.
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. Patel N, Cranston D, Akhtar MZ, et al. Active surveillance of small renal masses offers short-term oncological efficacy equivalent to radical and partial nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2012; 110(9): 1270–1275.
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. Takaki H, Yamakado K, Soga N, et al. Midterm results of radiofrequency ablation versus nephrectomy for T1a renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Radiol. 2010; 28(6): 460–468.
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. Pan XW, Cui XM, Huang H, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus partial nephrectomy for treatment of renal masses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2015; 31(12): 649–658.
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. Rivero JR, De La Cerda J, Wang H, et al. Partial Nephrectomy versus Thermal Ablation for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of More than 3,900 Patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018; 29(1): 18–29.
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. Atwell TD, Schmit GD, Boorjian SA, et al. Percutaneous ablation of renal masses measuring 3.0 cm and smaller: comparative local control and complications after radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013; 200(2): 461–466.
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. Samarasekera D, Khalifeh A, Autorino R, et al. 1795 Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus percutaneous cryoablation: long-term outcomes following ablation for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2013; 189(4S).
    CrossRef
  47. Van Poppel H, Da Pozzo L, Albrecht W, et al. A prospective, randomised EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the oncologic outcome of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2011; 59(4): 543–552.
    CrossRef
  48. Butler BP, Novick AC, Miller DP, et al. Management of small unilateral renal cell carcinomas: radical versus nephron-sparing surgery. Urology. 1995; 45(1): 34–40.
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. D'Armiento M, Damiano R, Feleppa B, et al. Elective conservative surgery for renal carcinoma versus radical nephrectomy: a prospective study. Br J Urol. 1997; 79(1): 15–19.
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. Gratzke C, Seitz M, Bayrle F, et al. Quality of life and perioperative outcomes after retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RN), open RN and nephron-sparing surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2009; 104(4): 470–475.
    CrossRefPubMed
  51. Kunath F, Schmidt S, Krabbe LM, et al. Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy for clinical localised renal masses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 5: CD012045.
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. Sun M, Bianchi M, Trinh QD, et al. Comparison of partial vs radical nephrectomy with regard to other-cause mortality in T1 renal cell carcinoma among patients aged ≥75 years with multiple comorbidities. BJU Int. 2013; 111(1): 67–73.
    CrossRefPubMed
  53. Shuch B, Hanley J, Lai J, et al. Urologic Diseases in America Project. Overall survival advantage with partial nephrectomy: a bias of observational data? Cancer. 2013; 119(16): 2981–2989.
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. MacLennan S, Imamura M, Lapitan M, et al. Systematic review of perioperative and quality-of-life outcomes following surgical management of localised renal cancer. Eur Urol. 2012; 62(6): 1097–1117.
    CrossRef
  55. Shekarriz B, Upadhyay J, Shekarriz H, et al. Comparison of costs and complications of radical and partial nephrectomy for treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2002; 59(2): 211–215.
    CrossRefPubMed
  56. Van Poppel H, Da Pozzo L, Albrecht W, et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CTG), Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). A prospective randomized EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the complications of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2007; 51(6): 1606–1615.
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. Miller DC, Schoniau M, Litwin MS, et al. Renal and cardiovascular morbidity after partial or radical nephrectomy. Cancer. 2008; 112: 511–520.
  58. Mir MC, Derweesh I, Porpiglia F, et al. Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy for clinical T1B and T2 renal mass: A meta-analysis of over 9000 cases. J Urol. 2016.
  59. Janssen MWW, Linxweiler J, Terwey S, et al. Survival outcomes in patients with large (≥7cm) clear cell renal cell carcinomas treated with nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy: Results of a multicenter cohort with long-term follow-up. PLoS One. 2018; 13(5): e0196427.
    CrossRefPubMed
  60. Hemal AK, Kumar A, Kumar R, et al. Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy for large renal tumors: a long-term prospective comparison. J Urol. 2007; 177(3): 862–866.
    CrossRefPubMed
  61. Peng B, Zheng JH, Xu DF, et al. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy and open nephrectomy for radical treatment of renal cell carcinoma: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Acad J Second Mil Med Univ. 2006.
  62. Nadler RB, Loeb S, Clemens JQ, et al. A prospective study of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for T1 tumors -- is transperitoneal, retroperitoneal or hand assisted the best approach? J Urol. 2006; 175(4): 1230–3; discussion 1234.
    CrossRefPubMed
  63. Desai MM, Strzempkowski B, Matin SF, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2005; 173(1): 38–41.
    CrossRefPubMed
  64. Asimakopoulos AD, Miano R, Annino F, et al. Robotic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. BMC Urol. 2014; 14: 75.
    CrossRefPubMed
  65. Lane BR, Gill IS. 7-year oncological outcomes after laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2010; 183(2): 473–479.
    CrossRefPubMed
  66. Gill IS, Kavoussi LR, Lane BR, et al. Comparison of 1,800 laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomies for single renal tumors. J Urol. 2007; 178(1): 41–46.
    CrossRefPubMed
  67. Gong EM, Orvieto MA, Zorn KC, et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy in clinical T1a renal tumors. J Endourol. 2008; 22(5): 953–957.
    CrossRefPubMed
  68. Minervini A, Ficarra V, Rocco F, et al. SATURN Project-LUNA Foundation. Simple enucleation is equivalent to traditional partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: results of a nonrandomized, retrospective, comparative study. J Urol. 2011; 185(5): 1604–1610.
    CrossRefPubMed
  69. Chang KiD, Abdel Raheem A, Kim KH, et al. Functional and oncological outcomes of open, laparoscopic and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a multicentre comparative matched-pair analyses with a median of 5 years' follow-up. BJU Int. 2018; 122(4): 618–626.
    CrossRefPubMed
  70. Masson-Lecomte A, Yates DR, Hupertan V, et al. A prospective comparison of the pathologic and surgical outcomes obtained after elective treatment of renal cell carcinoma by open or robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Urol Oncol. 2013; 31(6): 924–929.
    CrossRefPubMed
  71. Peyronnet B, Seisen T, Oger E, et al. French Comittee of Urologic Oncology (CCAFU). Comparison of 1800 Robotic and Open Partial Nephrectomies for Renal Tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016; 23(13): 4277–4283.
    CrossRefPubMed
  72. Choi JE, You JiH, Kim DK, et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes between robotic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2015; 67(5): 891–901.
    CrossRefPubMed
  73. Arora S, Keeley J, Pucheril D, et al. What is the hospital volume threshold to optimize inpatient complication rate after partial nephrectomy? Urol Oncol. 2018; 36(7): 339.e17–339.e23.
    CrossRefPubMed
  74. Peyronnet B, Tondut L, Bernhard JC, et al. Impact of hospital volume and surgeon volume on robot-assisted partial nephrectomy outcomes: a multicentre study. BJU Int. 2018; 121(6): 916–922.
    CrossRefPubMed
  75. Wood EL, Adibi M, Qiao W, et al. Local tumor bed recurrence following partial nephrectomy in patients with small renal masses. J Urol. 2018; 199(2): 393–400.
    CrossRefPubMed
  76. Bensalah K, Pantuck AJ, Rioux-Leclercq N, et al. Positive surgical margin appears to have negligible impact on survival of renal cell carcinomas treated by nephron-sparing surgery. Eur Urol. 2010; 57(3): 466–471.
    CrossRefPubMed
  77. Tabayoyong W, Abouassaly R, Kiechle JE, et al. Variation in surgical margin status by surgical approach among patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for small renal masses. J Urol. 2015; 194(6): 1548–1553.
    CrossRefPubMed
  78. Kim S, Abouassaly R. Treatment of Patients with Positive Margins after Partial Nephrectomy. J Urol. 2016; 196(2): 301–302.
    CrossRef
  79. Blom JHM, van Poppel H, Maréchal JM, et al. EORTC Genitourinary Tract Cancer Group. Radical nephrectomy with and without lymph-node dissection: final results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) randomized phase 3 trial 30881. Eur Urol. 2009; 55(1): 28–34.
    CrossRefPubMed
  80. Gershman B, Thompson R, Boorjian S, et al. Radical nephrectomy with or without lymph node dissection for high risk nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multi-institutional analysis. J Urol. 2018; 199(5): 1143–1148.
    CrossRef
  81. Whitson JM, Harris CR, Reese AC, et al. Lymphadenectomy improves survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma and nodal metastases. J Urol. 2011; 185(5): 1615–1620.
    CrossRefPubMed
  82. Capitanio U, Suardi N, Matloob R, et al. Extent of lymph node dissection at nephrectomy affects cancer-specific survival and metastatic progression in specific sub-categories of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). BJU Int. 2014; 114(2): 210–215.
    CrossRefPubMed
  83. Lane BR, Tiong HY, Campbell SC, et al. Management of the adrenal gland during partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2009; 181(6): 2430–6; discussion 2436.
    CrossRefPubMed
  84. May M, Brookman-Amissah S, Pflanz S, et al. Pre-operative renal arterial embolisation does not provide survival benefit in patients with radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 2009; 82(981): 724–731.
    CrossRefPubMed
  85. Subramanian VS, Stephenson AJ, Goldfarb DA, et al. Utility of preoperative renal artery embolization for management of renal tumors with inferior vena caval thrombi. Urology. 2009; 74(1): 154–159.
    CrossRefPubMed
  86. Lamb GWA, Bromwich EJ, Vasey P, et al. Management of renal masses in patients medically unsuitable for nephrectomy -- natural history, complications, and outcome. Urology. 2004; 64(5): 909–913.
    CrossRefPubMed
  87. Moinzadeh A, Libertino JA. Prognostic significance of tumor thrombus level in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus extension. Is all T3b the same? J Urol. 2004; 171(2 Pt 1): 598–601.
    CrossRefPubMed
  88. Pritchett TR, Lieskovsky G, Skinner DG. Extension of renal cell carcinoma into the vena cava: clinical review and surgical approach. J Urol. 1986; 135(3): 460–464.
    CrossRefPubMed
  89. Wilkinson CJ, Kimovec MA, Uejima T. Cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with malignant renal neoplasms. Br J Anaesth. 1986; 58(4): 461–465.
    CrossRefPubMed
  90. Libertino JA, Zinman L, Watkins E. Long-term results of resection of renal cell cancer with extension into inferior vena cava. J Urol. 1987; 137(1): 21–24.
    CrossRefPubMed
  91. Neves RJ, Zincke H. Surgical treatment of renal cancer with vena cava extension. Br J Urol. 1987; 59(5): 390–395.
    CrossRefPubMed
  92. Novick A, Streem S, Pontes E. Stewart’s Operative Urology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins. 1989.
  93. Hinman F. Atlas of Urologic Surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co. 1998.
  94. Nesbitt JC, Soltero ER, Dinney CP, et al. Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997; 63(6): 1592–1600.
    CrossRefPubMed
  95. Hatcher PA, Paulson DF, Anderson EE, et al. Surgical management and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma invading the vena cava. J Urol. 1991; 145(1): 20–23.
    CrossRefPubMed
  96. Orihashi K, Sueda T, Usui T, et al. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for resection of renal tumor in the inferior vena cava: beneficial or deleterious? Circ J. 2008; 72(7): 1175–1177.
    CrossRefPubMed
  97. Martínez-Salamanca JI, Huang WC, Millán I, et al. International Renal Cell Carcinoma-Venous Thrombus Consortium. Prognostic impact of the 2009 UICC/AJCC TNM staging system for renal cell carcinoma with venous extension. Eur Urol. 2011; 59(1): 120–127.
    CrossRefPubMed
  98. Klaver S, Joniau S, Suy R, et al. Analysis of renal cell carcinoma with subdiaphragmatic macroscopic venous invasion (T3b). BJU Int. 2008; 101(4): 444–449.
    CrossRefPubMed
  99. Ficarra V, Galfano A, Guillé F, et al. A new staging system for locally advanced (pT3-4) renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter European study including 2,000 patients. J Urol. 2007; 178(2): 418–24; discussion 423.
    CrossRefPubMed
  100. Rini BI, Dorff TB, Elson P, et al. Active surveillance in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a prospective, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17(9): 1317–1324.
    CrossRefPubMed
  101. Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol. 2004; 171(3): 1071–1076.
    CrossRefPubMed
  102. Hanna N, Sun M, Meyer CP, et al. Survival analyses of patients with metastatic renal cancer treated with targeted therapy with or without cytoreductive nephrectomy: a national cancer data base study. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(27): 3267–3275.
    CrossRefPubMed
  103. Méjean A, Ravaud A, Thezenas S, et al. Sunitinib alone or after nephrectomy in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(5): 417–427.
    CrossRefPubMed
  104. Bex A, Mulders P, Jewett M, et al. Comparison of Immediate vs Deferred Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Patients With Synchronous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Sunitinib: The SURTIME Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019; 5(2): 164–170.
    CrossRefPubMed
  105. Mejean A, Thezenas S, Chevreau C, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in metastatic renal cancer (mRCC): Update on Carmena trial with focus on intermediate IMDC-risk population. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37(15_suppl): 4508–4508.
    CrossRef
  106. Freed SZ, Halperin JP, Gordon M. Idiopathic regression of metastases from renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1977; 118(4): 538–542.
    CrossRefPubMed
  107. Marcus SG, Choyke PL, Reiter R, et al. Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after cytoreductive nephrectomy. J Urol. 1993; 150(2 Pt 1): 463–466.
    CrossRefPubMed
  108. Barney J, Churchill E. Adenocarcinoma of the kidney with metastasis to the lung: cured by nephrectomy and lobectomy. J Urol. 1939; 42(3): 269–276.
    CrossRef
  109. Ouzaid I, Capitanio U, Staehler M, et al. Young Academic Urologists Kidney Cancer Working Group of the European Association of Urology. Surgical metastasectomy in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Eur Urol Oncol. 2019; 2(2): 141–149.
    CrossRefPubMed
  110. Achkar T, Maranchie J, Appleman L. Metastasectomy in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Kidney Cancer. 2019; 3(1): 31–40.
    CrossRef
  111. Motzer RJ, Haas NB, Donskov F, et al. PROTECT investigators. Randomized phase III trial of adjuvant pazopanib versus placebo after nephrectomy in patients with localized or locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35(35): 3916–3923.
    CrossRefPubMed
  112. Haas NB, Manola J, Uzzo RG, et al. Adjuvant sunitinib or sorafenib for high-risk, non-metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (ECOG-ACRIN E2805): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016; 387(10032): 2008–2016.
    CrossRefPubMed
  113. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Ravaud A, et al. S-TRAC Investigators. Adjuvant sunitinib in high-risk renal-cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(23): 2246–2254.
    CrossRefPubMed
  114. Larkin J, Eisen T. Kinase inhibitors in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006; 60(3): 216–226.
    CrossRef
  115. Patil S, Figlin RA, Hutson TE, et al. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(22): 3584–3590.
    CrossRefPubMed
  116. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Cella D, et al. Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369(8): 722–731.
    CrossRefPubMed
  117. Escudier B, Porta C, Bono P, et al. Randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial assessing treatment preference for pazopanib versus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: PISCES Study. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(14): 1412–1418.
    CrossRefPubMed
  118. Motzer RJ, Nosov D, Eisen T, et al. Tivozanib versus sorafenib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(30): 3791–3799.
    CrossRefPubMed
  119. Hutson TE, Lesovoy V, Al-Shukri S, et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(13): 1287–1294.
    CrossRefPubMed
  120. Choueiri TK, Hessel C, Halabi S, et al. Cabozantinib versus sunitinib as initial therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma of intermediate or poor risk (Alliance A031203 CABOSUN randomised trial): Progression-free survival by independent review and overall survival update. Eur J Cancer. 2018; 94: 115–125.
    CrossRefPubMed
  121. Hudes GR, Carducci MA, Choueiri TK, et al. Global ARCC Trial. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(22): 2271–2281.
    CrossRefPubMed
  122. Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, et al. CheckMate 214 investigators. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: extended follow-up of efficacy and safety results from a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019; 20(10): 1370–1385.
    CrossRefPubMed
  123. Motzer RJ, Rini BI, McDermott DF, et al. CheckMate 214 investigators, CheckMate 214 Investigators. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(14): 1277–1290.
    CrossRefPubMed
  124. Rini BI, Plimack ER, Stus V, et al. KEYNOTE-426 Investigators. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380(12): 1116–1127.
    CrossRefPubMed
  125. Motzer RJ, Penkov K, Haanen J, et al. Avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380(12): 1103–1115.
    CrossRefPubMed
  126. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Oudard S, et al. RECORD‐1 Study Group. Phase 3 trial of everolimus for metastatic renal cell carcinoma : final results and analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer. 2010; 116(18): 4256–4265.
    CrossRefPubMed
  127. Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Tomczak P, et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(6): 552–562.
    CrossRefPubMed
  128. Choueiri TK, Escudier B, Powles T, et al. METEOR investigators. Cabozantinib versus everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma (METEOR): final results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17(7): 917–927.
    CrossRefPubMed
  129. Escudier B, Sharma P, McDermott DF, et al. CheckMate 025 investigators, CheckMate 025 investigators, CheckMate 025 Investigators. Nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(19): 1803–1813.
    CrossRefPubMed
  130. Cella D, Grünwald V, Nathan P, et al. Quality of life in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma given nivolumab versus everolimus in CheckMate 025: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17(7): 994–1003.
    CrossRefPubMed
  131. Cella D, Escudier B, Tannir NM, et al. Quality of life outcomes for cabozantinib versus everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: METEOR phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(8): 757–764.
    CrossRefPubMed
  132. Wells JC, Stukalin I, Norton C, et al. Third-line Targeted Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium. Eur Urol. 2017; 71(2): 204–209.
    CrossRefPubMed
  133. Naito S, Ichiyanagi O, Kato T, et al. Effect of third- and fourth-line systemic therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 15451.
    CrossRefPubMed
  134. Vallet S, Pahernik S, Höfner T, et al. Renal Cancer Center at the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Germany. Efficacy of targeted treatment beyond third-line therapy in metastatic kidney cancer: retrospective analysis from a large-volume cancer center. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015; 13(3): e145–e152.
    CrossRefPubMed
  135. Ralla B, Erber B, Goranova I, et al. Efficacy of fourth-line targeted therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. World J Urol. 2016; 34(8): 1147–1154.
    CrossRefPubMed
  136. Yip SM, Wells C, Moreira R, et al. Checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results from the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium. Cancer. 2018; 124(18): 3677–3683.
    CrossRefPubMed
  137. Santoni M, Heng DY, Bracarda S, et al. Real-World data on cabozantinib in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: focus on sequences and prognostic factors. Cancers (Basel). 2019; 12(1).
    CrossRefPubMed
  138. Prisciandaro M, Ratta R, Massari F, et al. Safety and efficacy of cabozantinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: real-world data from an italian managed access program. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2018; 16(4): e945–e951.
    CrossRefPubMed
  139. Motzer RJ, Porta C, Vogelzang NJ, et al. Dovitinib versus sorafenib for third-line targeted treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(3): 286–296.
    CrossRefPubMed
  140. Escudier B, Sharma P, McDermott DF, et al. CheckMate 025 investigators, CheckMate 025 investigators. CheckMate 025 Randomized Phase 3 Study: Outcomes by Key Baseline Factors and Prior Therapy for Nivolumab Versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2017; 72(6): 962–971.
    CrossRefPubMed
  141. Armstrong AJ, Halabi S, Eisen T, et al. Everolimus versus sunitinib for patients with metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ASPEN): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17(3): 378–388.
    CrossRefPubMed
  142. Tannir NM, Jonasch E, Albiges L, et al. Everolimus Versus Sunitinib Prospective Evaluation in Metastatic Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ESPN): A Randomized Multicenter Phase 2 Trial. Eur Urol. 2016; 69(5): 866–874.
    CrossRefPubMed
  143. Schöffski P, Wozniak A, Escudier B, et al. Crizotinib achieves long-lasting disease control in advanced papillary renal-cell carcinoma type 1 patients with MET mutations or amplification. EORTC 90101 CREATE trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017; 87: 147–163.
    CrossRefPubMed
  144. Oudard S, Banu E, Vieillefond A, et al. GETUG (Groupe d'Etudes des Tumeurs Uro-Génitales). Prospective multicenter phase II study of gemcitabine plus platinum salt for metastatic collecting duct carcinoma: results of a GETUG (Groupe d'Etudes des Tumeurs Uro-Génitales) study. J Urol. 2007; 177(5): 1698–1702.
    CrossRefPubMed
  145. Shah AY, Karam JA, Malouf GG, et al. Management and outcomes of patients with renal medullary carcinoma: a multicentre collaborative study. BJU Int. 2017; 120(6): 782–792.
    CrossRefPubMed
  146. Iacovelli R, Modica D, Palazzo A, et al. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in renal medullary carcinoma: A pooled analysis from 18 years of medical literature. Can Urol Assoc J. 2015; 9(3-4): E172–E177.
    CrossRefPubMed
  147. Dason S, Allard C, Sheridan-Jonah A, et al. Management of renal collecting duct carcinoma: a systematic review and the McMaster experience. Curr Oncol. 2013; 20(3): e223–e232.
    CrossRefPubMed
  148. Beckermann KE, Sharma D, Chaturvedi S, et al. Renal Medullary Carcinoma: Establishing Standards in Practice. J Oncol Pract. 2017; 13(7): 414–421.
    CrossRefPubMed
  149. Juusela H, Malmio K, Alfthan O, et al. Preoperative irradiation in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1977; 11(3): 277–281.
    CrossRefPubMed
  150. Paly JJ, Hallemeier CL, Biggs PJ, et al. Outcomes in a multi-institutional cohort of patients treated with intraoperative radiation therapy for advanced or recurrent renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 88(3): 618–623.
    CrossRefPubMed
  151. Kjaer M, Iversen P, Hvidt V, et al. A randomized trial of postoperative radiotherapy versus observation in stage II and III renal adenocarcinoma. A study by the Copenhagen Renal Cancer Study Group. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1987; 21(4): 285–289.
    CrossRefPubMed
  152. Ulutin HC, Aksu G, Fayda M, et al. The value of postoperative radiotherapy in renal cell carcinoma: a single-institution experience. Tumori. 2006; 92(3): 202–206.
    PubMed
  153. Tunio MA, Hashmi A, Rafi M. Need for a new trial to evaluate postoperative radiotherapy in renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Oncol. 2010; 21(9): 1839–1845.
    CrossRefPubMed
  154. Chang JH, Cheung P, Erler D, et al. Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy for primary renal cell carcinoma in non-surgical candidates: initial clinical experience. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2016; 28(9): e109–e114.
    CrossRefPubMed
  155. Dabestani S, Marconi L, Hofmann F, et al. Local treatments for metastases of renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(12): e549–e561.
    CrossRefPubMed
  156. Kothari G, Foroudi F, Gill S, et al. Outcomes of stereotactic radiotherapy for cranial and extracranial metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Acta Oncol. 2015; 54(2): 148–157.
    CrossRefPubMed
  157. Mahajan A, Ahmed S, McAleer MF, et al. Post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery versus observation for completely resected brain metastases: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18(8): 1040–1048.
    CrossRefPubMed
  158. Brown PD, Ballman KV, Cerhan JH, et al. Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy for resected metastatic brain disease (NCCTG N107C/CEC·3): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18(8): 1049–1060.
    CrossRefPubMed
  159. Lee J, Hodgson D, Chow E, et al. A phase II trial of palliative radiotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2005; 104(9): 1894–1900.
    CrossRefPubMed
  160. Siva S, Kothari G, Muacevic A, et al. Radiotherapy for renal cell carcinoma: renaissance of an overlooked approach. Nat Rev Urol. 2017; 14(9): 549–563.
    CrossRefPubMed
  161. Scoll BJ, Wong YN, Egleston BL, et al. Age, tumor size and relative survival of patients with localized renal cell carcinoma: a surveillance, epidemiology and end results analysis. J Urol. 2009; 181(2): 506–511.
    CrossRefPubMed
  162. Capitanio U, Cloutier V, Zini L, et al. A critical assessment of the prognostic value of clear cell, papillary and chromophobe histological subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a population-based study. BJU Int. 2009; 103(11): 1496–1500.
    CrossRefPubMed
  163. Beisland C, Guðbrandsdottir G, Reisæter LAR, et al. A prospective risk-stratified follow-up programme for radically treated renal cell carcinoma patients: evaluation after eight years of clinical use. World J Urol. 2016; 34(8): 1087–1099.
    CrossRefPubMed
  164. Patard JJ, Kim HL, Lam JS, et al. Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(16): 3316–3322.
    CrossRefPubMed
  165. Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Wieder J, et al. Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20(23): 4559–4566.
    CrossRefPubMed
  166. Pettus JA, Jang TL, Thompson RH, et al. Effect of baseline glomerular filtration rate on survival in patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy for renal cortical tumors. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008; 83(10): 1101–1106.
    CrossRefPubMed
  167. Bruno JJ, Snyder ME, Motzer RJ, et al. Renal cell carcinoma local recurrences: impact of surgical treatment and concomitant metastasis on survival. BJU Int. 2006; 97(5): 933–938.
    CrossRefPubMed
  168. Sandhu SS, Symes A, A'Hern R, et al. Surgical excision of isolated renal-bed recurrence after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2005; 95(4): 522–525.
    CrossRefPubMed
  169. Bani-Hani AH, Leibovich BC, Lohse CM, et al. Associations with contralateral recurrence following nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma using a cohort of 2,352 patients. J Urol. 2005; 173(2): 391–394.
    CrossRefPubMed
  170. Patard JJ, Shvarts O, Lam JS, et al. Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for all T1 tumors based on an international multicenter experience. J Urol. 2004; 171(6 Pt 1): 2181–5, quiz 2435.
    CrossRefPubMed
  171. Karakiewicz PI, Briganti A, Chun FKH, et al. Multi-institutional validation of a new renal cancer-specific survival nomogram. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25(11): 1316–1322.
    CrossRefPubMed
  172. Lam JS, Shvarts O, Leppert JT, et al. Postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma based on a validated prognostic nomogram and risk group stratification system. J Urol. 2005; 174(2): 466–72; discussion 472; quiz 801.
    CrossRefPubMed

About cookies

Necessary cookies

Allways active

These cookies are necessary for the proper display and operation of the website. Blocking them may cause the website to malfunction.

Analytical cookies

As part of our website, we use analytical tools, such as Google Analytics, that allow us to verify website traffic. These tools may require the use of cookies.

Community cookies

These are cookies associated with the social networks we use. Accepting them will allow us to associate your visit to the site with our social media profiles.

Marketing cookies

These are cookies responsible for carrying out advertising and marketing activities - consenting to their use will allow us to target you with advertisements based on your previous activities within our website.

Oncology in Clinical Practice

About Via Medica Advertising
Bookstore (Ikamed) TVMed
News
Copyright © 2023 Via Medica Regulations Cookie policy Privacy policy Legal Notice