Vol 16, No 4 (2020)
Guidelines / Expert consensus
Published online: 2020-08-17
Page views 833
Article views/downloads 768
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Skin carcinomas

Piotr Rutkowski1, Witold Owczarek2, Dariusz Nejc3, Arkadiusz Jeziorski3, Wojciech M. Wysocki14, Monika Słowińska2, Monika Dudzisz-Śledź1, Piotr Wiśniewski1, Hanna Koseła-Paterczyk1, Dorota Kiprian1, Tomasz Świtaj1, Marcin Zdzienicki1, Adam Maciejczyk5, Lidia Rudnicka6
Oncol Clin Pract 2020;16(4):143-162.

Abstract

Not available

Article available in PDF format

Purchase Subscription

References

  1. Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer wersja 1.2018. www.nccn.org (2018).
  2. Trakatelli M, Morton C, Nagore E, et al. BCC subcommittee of the Guidelines Committee of the European Dermatology Forum. Update of the European guidelines for basal cell carcinoma management. Eur J Dermatol. 2014; 24(3): 312–329.
  3. Bonerandi JJ, Beauvillain C, Caquant L, et al. French Dermatology Recommendations Association (aRED). Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011; 25 Suppl 5: 1–51.
  4. Bath FJ, Bong J, Perkins W, et al. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(2): CD003412.
  5. Bath-Hextall FJ, Matin RN, Wilkinson D, et al. Interventions for cutaneous Bowen's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(6): CD007281.
  6. Clark CM, Furniss M, Mackay-Wiggan JM. Basal cell carcinoma: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014; 15(3): 197–216.
  7. Marghoob AM, Malvehy J, Braun RP. Atlas of dermoscopy. Second edition. Informa healthcare. 2012.
  8. Argenziano G, Zalaudek I, Giacomel J. Preface. Dermoscopy. Dermatol Clin. 2013; 31(4): XIII–XIV.
  9. Berking C, Hauschild A, Kölbl O, et al. Basal cell carcinoma-treatments for the commonest skin cancer. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014; 111(22): 389–395.
  10. Krajowy Rejestr Nowotworów. www.onkologia.org.pl.
  11. Bologni JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV. Dermatology. Elsevier Saunders 2012.
  12. Nawrocka A, Owczarek W. Zasady diagnostyki u pacjentów z nowotworem skóry. Chirurgia Po Dyplomie 2014 sierpień.
  13. Rutkowski P, Jassem J, Krzakowski M. Złośliwe nowotwory skóry. Via Medica, Gdańsk. 2014.
  14. Wojciechowska U, Didkowska J. Zachorowania i zgony na nowotwory złośliwe w Polsce. Krajowy Rejestr Nowotworów, Narodowy Instytut Onkologii im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie — Państwowy Instytut Badawczy. Dostępne na stronie http://onkologia.org.pl/raporty/ dostęp z dnia 22/03/2020.
  15. Lesiak A, Czuwara J, Kamińska-Winciorek G, et al. Basal cell carcinoma. Diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of PolishDermatological Society. Dermatology Review. 2019; 106(2): 107–126.
  16. Lesiak A, Czuwara J, Kamińska-Winciorek G, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma and Merkel-cell carcinoma.Diagnostic and therapeutic recommendationsof the Polish Dermatological Society. Dermatology Review. 2019; 106(2): 127–149.
  17. Werner RN, Stockfleth E, Connolly SM, et al. International League of Dermatological Societies, European Dermatology Forum. Evidence- and consensus-based (S3) Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis — International League of Dermatological Societies in cooperation with the European Dermatology Forum — Short version. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015; 29(11): 2069–2079.
  18. Fernandez Figueras MT. From actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma: pathophysiology revisited. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31 Suppl 2: 5–7.
  19. Garrett GL, Yuan JT, Shin TM, et al. Transplant Skin Cancer Network (TSCN). Validity of skin cancer malignancy reporting to the Organ Procurement Transplant Network: A cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018; 78(2): 264–269.
  20. Patel G, Armstrong AW, Eisen DB. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy vs other interventions in randomized clinical trials for the treatment of actinic keratoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014; 150(12): 1281–1288.
  21. Owczarek W, Rutkowski P, Słowińska M, et al. Zalecenia dotyczące leczenia raka podstawnokomórkowego i raka kolczystokomórkowego przygotowane przez Sekcję Onkologiczną Polskiego Towarzystwa Dermatologicznego i Sekcję Akademia Czerniaka Polskiego Towarzystwa Chirurgii Onkologicznej. Onkol Prakt Klin Edu. 2015; 1(2): 96–106.
  22. Gupta AK, Paquet M, Villanueva E, et al. Interventions for actinic keratoses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 12: CD004415.
  23. McGillis ST, Fein H. Topical treatment strategies for non-melanoma skin cancer and precursor lesions. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2004; 23(3): 174–183.
  24. Hansen EK, Roach M. Handbook of evidence-based radiation oncology (2nd ed.). Springer, New York 2010.
  25. Hernández-Machin B, Borrego L, Gil-García M, et al. Office-based radiation therapy for cutaneous carcinoma: evaluation of 710 treatments. Int J Dermatol. 2007; 46(5): 453–459.
  26. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL. Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989; 15(3): 315–328.
  27. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL. Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989; 15(4): 424–431.
  28. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip. Implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992; 26(6): 976–990.
  29. Avril MF, Auperin A, Margulis A, et al. Basal cell carcinoma of the face: surgery or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study. Br J Cancer. 1997; 76(1): 100–106.
  30. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) 2017.
  31. Fort M, Guet S, Colson-Durand L, et al. Role of radiation therapy in non-melanoma cancers, lymphomas and sarcomas of the skin: Systematic review and best practice in 2016. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016; 99: 200–213.
  32. Karagas MR, McDonald JA, Greenberg ER, et al. Risk of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers after ionizing radiation therapy. For The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996; 88(24): 1848–1853.
  33. Lichter MD, Karagas MR, Mott LA, et al. Therapeutic ionizing radiation and the incidence of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study Group. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136(8): 1007–1011.
  34. Perkins J, Liu Y, Mitby P, et al. Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23(16): 3733–3741.
  35. Sekulic A, Migden MR, Oro AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(23): 2171–2179.
  36. Sekulic A, Migden MR, Basset-Seguin N, et al. ERIVANCE BCC Investigators. Long-term safety and efficacy of vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: final update of the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study. BMC Cancer. 2017; 17(1): 332.
  37. Basset-Séguin N, Hauschild A, Kunstfeld R, et al. Vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: Primary analysis of STEVIE, an international, open-label trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017; 86: 334–348.
  38. Słowińska M, Maciąg A, Dudzisz-Śledź M, et al. Vismodegib in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma — Polish clinical experience in the frame of therapeutic program. Oncol Clin Pract. 2019; 15(3): 139–149.
  39. Tang JY, Mackay-Wiggan JM, Aszterbaum M, et al. Inhibiting the hedgehog pathway in patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(23): 2180–2188.
  40. Erdem GU, Sendur MA, Ozdemir NY, et al. A comprehensive review of the role of the hedgehog pathway and vismodegib in the management of basal cell carcinoma. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015; 31(4): 743–756.
  41. Peris K, Licitra L, Ascierto PA, et al. Identifying locally advanced basal cell carcinoma eligible for treatment with vismodegib: an expert panel consensus. Future Oncol. 2015; 11(4): 703–712.
  42. Proctor AE, Thompson LA, O'Bryant CL. Vismodegib: an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Ann Pharmacother. 2014; 48(1): 99–106.
  43. Dreno B, Basset-Seguin N, Caro I, et al. Clinical benefit assessment of vismodegib therapy in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma. Oncologist. 2014; 19(8): 790–796.
  44. Lear JT, Migden MR, Lewis KD, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: 30-month analysis of the randomized phase 2 BOLT study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018; 32(3): 372–381.
  45. Migden MR, Rischin D, Schmults CD, et al. PD-1 blockade with cemiplimab in advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(4): 341–351.
  46. Migden MR, Khushalani NI, Chang AL, et al. Cemiplimab in locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: results from an open-label, phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21(2): 294–305.
  47. Lipson EJ, Lilo MT, Ogurtsova A, et al. Basal cell carcinoma: PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint expression and tumor regression after PD-1 blockade. J Immunother Cancer. 2017; 5: 23.
  48. Ikeda S, Goodman AM, Cohen PR, et al. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma with amplification of PD-L1: exceptional response to anti-PD1 therapy. NPJ Genom Med. 2016; 1.
  49. Stevenson ML, Wang CQF, Abikhair M, et al. Expression of programmed cell death ligand in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and treatment of locally advanced disease with pembrolizumab. JAMA Dermatol. 2017; 153(4): 299–303.
  50. Ran X, Yang K. Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis for the treatment of head and neck cancer: current status and future perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017; 11: 2007–2014.
  51. Nagasaka M, Zaki M, Kim H, et al. PD1/PD-L1 inhibition as a potential radiosensitizer in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a case report. J Immunother Cancer. 2016; 4: 83.
  52. Tran DC, Colevas AD, Chang AL. Follow-up on programmed cell death 1 inhibitor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol. 2017; 153(1): 92–94.
  53. Ran X, Yang K. Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis for the treatment of head and neck cancer: current status and future perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017; 11: 2007–2014.
  54. Hauschild A, Eichstaedt J, Möbus L, et al. Regression of melanoma metastases and multiple non-melanoma skin cancers in xeroderma pigmentosum by the PD1-antibody pembrolizumab. Eur J Cancer. 2017; 77: 84–87.
  55. Arits AH, Mosterd K, Essers BAb, et al. Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma: a single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(7): 647–654.
  56. Morton CA, Szeimies RM, Basset-Seguin N, et al. European Dermatology Forum guidelines on topical photodynamic therapy 2019 Part 1: treatment delivery and established indications — actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinomas. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019; 33(12): 2225–2238.
  57. Cohen DK, Lee PK. Photodynamic therapy for non-melanoma skin cancers. Cancers (Basel). 2016; 8(10): 90.
  58. Christensen E, Mørk C, Skogvoll E. High and sustained efficacy after two sessions of topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma: a prospective, clinical and histological 10-year follow-up study. Br J Dermatol. 2012; 166(6): 1342–1348.
  59. Zou Y, Zhao Y, Yu J, et al. Photodynamic therapy versus surgical excision to basal cell carcinoma: meta-analysis. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016; 15(4): 374–382.
  60. Vinciullo C, Elliott T, Francis D, et al. Photodynamic therapy with topical methyl aminolaevulinate for 'difficult-to-treat' basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2005; 152(4): 765–772.
  61. Basset-Seguin N, Bissonnette R, Girard C, et al. Consensus recommendations for the treatment of basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin syndrome with topical methylaminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014; 28(5): 626–632.
  62. Cabete J, Rafael M, Cravo M, et al. Long-term recurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer after topical methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy in a dermato-oncology department. An Bras Dermatol. 2015; 90(6): 846–850.
  63. Morton CA, Horn M, Leman J, et al. et al.. A randomized, placebo-controlled, European study comparing MAL-PDT with cryotherapy and 5-fluorouracil in subjects with Bowen's disease. Arch Dermatol. 2006; 142: 729–735.
  64. Lehmann P. Methyl aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy: a review of clinical trials in the treatment of actinic keratoses and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 156(5): 793–801.
  65. Truchuelo M, Fernández-Guarino M, Fleta B, et al. Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in Bowen's disease: an observational and descriptive study in 51 lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012; 26(7): 868–874.
  66. Cavicchini S, Serini SM, Fiorani R, et al. Long-term follow-up of metil aminolevulinate (MAL)-PDT in difficult-to-treat cutaneous Bowen's disease. Int J Dermatol. 2011; 50(8): 1002–1005.
  67. López N, Meyer-Gonzalez T, Herrera-Acosta E, et al. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of extensive Bowen's disease. J Dermatolog Treat. 2012; 23(6): 428–430.
  68. Toker C. Trabecular carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol. 1972; 105(1): 107–110.
  69. De Wolff-Peeters C, Marien K, Mebis J, et al. A cutaneous APUDoma or Merkel cell tumor? A morphologically recognizable tumor with a biological and histological malignant aspect in contrast with its clinical behavior. Cancer. 1980; 46(8): 1810–1816, doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19801015)46:8<1810::aid-cncr2820460819>3.0.co;2-7.
  70. Agelli M, Clegg LX. Epidemiology of primary Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49(5): 832–841.
  71. Reichgelt BA, Visser O. Epidemiology and survival of Merkel cell carcinoma in the Netherlands. A population-based study of 808 cases in 1993-2007. Eur J Cancer. 2011; 47(4): 579–585.
  72. Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. J Cutan Pathol. 2010; 37(1): 20–27.
  73. Miller RW, Rabkin CS. Merkel cell carcinoma and melanoma: etiological similarities and differences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999; 8(2): 153–158.
  74. Lunder EJ, Stern RS. Merkel-cell carcinomas in patients treated with methoxsalen and ultraviolet A radiation. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339(17): 1247–1248.
  75. Engels EA, Frisch M, Goedert JJ, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection. Lancet. 2002; 359(9305): 497–498.
  76. Penn I, First MR. Merkel's cell carcinoma in organ recipients: report of 41 cases. Transplantation. 1999; 68(11): 1717–1721.
  77. Koljonen V, Kukko H, Tukiainen E, et al. Incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009; 24(10): 3231–3235.
  78. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, et al. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science. 2008; 319(5866): 1096–1100.
  79. Kassem A, Schöpflin A, Diaz C, et al. Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene. Cancer Res. 2008; 68(13): 5009–5013.
  80. Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, et al. Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; 58(3): 375–381.
  81. Allen PJ, Zhang ZF, Coit DG. Surgical management of Merkel cell carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1999; 229(1): 97–105.
  82. Merkel Cell Carcinoma. NCCN Guidelines. Version 1. 2018.
  83. Bichakjian CK, Nghiem P, Johnson T, Wright CL, Sober AJ. Merkel Cell Carcinoma. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Eight Edition, Springer 2017.
  84. Harms KL, Healy MA, Nghiem P, et al. Analysis of Prognostic Factors from 9387 Merkel Cell Carcinoma Cases Forms the Basis for the New 8th Edition AJCC Staging System. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016; 23(11): 3564–3571.
  85. Oram CW, Bartus CL, Purcell SM. Merkel cell carcinoma: a review. Cutis. 2016; 97(4): 290–295.
  86. Lebbe C, Becker JC, Grob JJ, et al. European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Diagnosis and treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline. Eur J Cancer. 2015; 51(16): 2396–2403.
  87. Gupta SG, Wang LC, Peñas PF, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluation and treatment of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma: The Dana-Farber experience and meta-analysis of the literature. Arch Dermatol. 2006; 142(6): 685–690.
  88. Allen PJ, Bowne WB, Jaques DP, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: prognosis and treatment of patients from a single institution. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23(10): 2300–2309.
  89. Strom T, Carr M, Zager JS, et al. Radiation therapy is associated with improved outcomes in merkel cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016; 23(11): 3572–3578.
  90. Garneski KM, Nghiem P. Merkel cell carcinoma adjuvant therapy: current data support radiation but not chemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007; 57(1): 166–169.
  91. Poulsen M, Rischin D, Walpole E, et al. Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group. High-risk Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin treated with synchronous carboplatin/etoposide and radiation: a Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group Study — TROG 96:07. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21(23): 4371–4376.
  92. Poulsen MG, Rischin D, Porter I, et al. Does chemotherapy improve survival in high-risk stage I and II Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 64(1): 114–119.
  93. Topalian S, Bhatia S, Kudchadkar R, et al. Nivolumab (Nivo) as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with resectable Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in CheckMate 358. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(15_suppl): 9505–9505.
  94. Schadendorf D, Lebbé C, Zur Hausen A, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: Epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs. Eur J Cancer. 2017; 71: 53–69.
  95. Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, et al. Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17(10): 1374–1385.
  96. Nghiem P, Bhatia S, Brohl A, et al. Two-year efficacy and safety update from JAVELIN Merkel 200 part A: A registrational study of avelumab in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma progressed on chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol . 2018; 36(15_suppl): 9507.
  97. Kaufman HL, Russell JS, Hamid O, et al. Updated efficacy of avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma after ≥ 1 year of follow-up: JAVELIN Merkel 200, a phase 2 clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2018; 6(1): 7.
  98. Bullement A, D'Angelo S, Amin A, et al. Predicting overall survival in patients (pts) with treatment-naive metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC) treated with avelumab. J Clin Oncol . 2018; 36(15_suppl): e21620.
  99. D'Angelo S.P., et al. First-line avelumab treatment in patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: primary analysis after ≥15 months of follow-up from JAVELIN Merkel 200, a registrational phase 2 trial. SITC 2019, streszczenie P362.
  100. Nghiem PT, Bhatia S, Lipson EJ, et al. PD-1 Blockade with Pembrolizumab in Advanced Merkel-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374(26): 2542–2552.
  101. Nghiem P, Bhatia S, Lipson EJ, et al. Durable Tumor Regression and Overall Survival in Patients With Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma Receiving Pembrolizumab as First-Line Therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37(9): 693–702.
  102. Medina-Franco H, Urist MM, Fiveash J, et al. Multimodality treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: case series and literature review of 1024 cases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001; 8(3): 204–208.
  103. Nijhawan N, Ross MI, Diba R, et al. Experience with sentinel lymph node biopsy for eyelid and conjunctival malignancies at a cancer center. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004; 20(4): 291–295.
  104. Shields JA, Demirci H, Marr BP, et al. Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular region: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005; 50(2): 103–122.
  105. Song A, Carter KD, Syed NA, et al. Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the ocular adnexa: clinical presentations, histopathology, and outcomes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 24(3): 194–200.
  106. Nelson BR, Hamlet KR, Gillard M, et al. Sebaceous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33(1): 1–15; quiz 16.
  107. Mehta NJ, Torno R, Sorra T. Extramammary Paget's disease. South Med J. 2000; 93(7): 713–715.
  108. Pucevich B, Catinchi-Jaime S, Ho J, et al. Invasive primary ductal apocrine adenocarcinoma of axilla: a case report with immunohistochemical profiling and a review of literature. Dermatol Online J. 2008; 14(6): 5.
  109. Paties C, Taccagni GL, Papotti M, et al. Apocrine carcinoma of the skin. A clinicopathologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural study. Cancer. 1993; 71(2): 375–381, doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19930115)71:2<375::aid-cncr2820710218>3.0.co;2-4.
  110. Chiller K, Passaro D, Scheuller M, et al. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: forty-eight cases, their treatment, and their outcome. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136(11): 1355–1359.
  111. Mehregan AH, Hashimoto K, Rahbari H. Eccrine adenocarcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 35 cases. Arch Dermatol. 1983; 119(2): 104–114, doi: 10.1001/archderm.1983.01650260012008, indexed in Pubmed: 6297408.
  112. Yeung KY, Stinson JC. Mucinous (adenocystic) carcinoma of sweat glands with widespread metastasis. Case report with ultrastructural study. Cancer. 1977; 39(6): 2556–2562, doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197706)39:6<2556::aid-cncr2820390637>3.0.co;2-d.
  113. Choudhury K, Volkmer B, Greinert R, et al. Effectiveness of skin cancer screening programmes. Br J Dermatol. 2012; 167 Suppl 2: 94–98.