Multimedialna platforma wiedzy medycznej Internetowa Księgarnia Medyczna Kalendarium Konferencji
Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology
MENU
Shortcuts Submit an article Author Guidelines Ahead Of Print Editorial Office Manuscript Submission Reviewers 2023 Best Original Paper Award

open access

Vol 72, No 5 (2022)
Review paper
Published online: 2022-08-26
View PDF Download PDF file
Get Citation

Immunotherapeutics and other anticancer agents in the management of advanced gastric cancer

Kajetan Kiełbowski1, Estera Bakinowska1, Przemysław Dymek1, Sandra Sienkiewicz1, Tomasz Błaszkowski1, Maciej Romanowski1
DOI: 10.5603/NJO.a2022.0043
·
Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology 2022;72(5):308-318.
Affiliations
  1. Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland

open access

Vol 72, No 5 (2022)
Review article
Published online: 2022-08-26

Abstract

Advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is characterized by high mortality. The survival is estimated as 14.2 months. The treat­ment of choice in the early stages of GC is surgery. Due to high potential of malignancy, postoperative chemotherapy is usually administered. Novel methods of treatment involve immunotherapeutic agents (IA). The new therapies seem to be a hopeful perspective for patients with advanced GC. In this review, we present the outcomes of clinical trials in GC treatment with IA and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we present the benefits and shortcomings of immunotherapy and describe potential directions for future research.

Abstract

Advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is characterized by high mortality. The survival is estimated as 14.2 months. The treat­ment of choice in the early stages of GC is surgery. Due to high potential of malignancy, postoperative chemotherapy is usually administered. Novel methods of treatment involve immunotherapeutic agents (IA). The new therapies seem to be a hopeful perspective for patients with advanced GC. In this review, we present the outcomes of clinical trials in GC treatment with IA and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we present the benefits and shortcomings of immunotherapy and describe potential directions for future research.

Full Text:

View PDF Download PDF file
Get Citation

Keywords

advanced gastric cancer; immunotherapeutic agents; monoclonal antibodies; immune checkpoint inhibitors

About this article
Title

Immunotherapeutics and other anticancer agents in the management of advanced gastric cancer

Journal

Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology

Issue

Vol 72, No 5 (2022)

Article type

Review paper

Pages

308-318

Published online

2022-08-26

Page views

3772

Article views/downloads

270

DOI

10.5603/NJO.a2022.0043

Bibliographic record

Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology 2022;72(5):308-318.

Keywords

advanced gastric cancer
immunotherapeutic agents
monoclonal antibodies
immune checkpoint inhibitors

Authors

Kajetan Kiełbowski
Estera Bakinowska
Przemysław Dymek
Sandra Sienkiewicz
Tomasz Błaszkowski
Maciej Romanowski

References (95)
  1. Morgan E, Arnold M, Camargo MC, et al. The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020-40: A population-based modelling study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022; 47: 101404.
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. Kenig J, Richter P. Treatment of gastric cancer in the older population. Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology. 2021; 71(4): 245–250.
    CrossRef
  3. Hu HM, Tsai HJ, Ku HY, et al. Survival outcomes of management in metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 23142.
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. Smyth E, Nilsson M, Grabsch H, et al. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2020; 396(10251): 635–648.
    CrossRef
  5. Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. ToGA Trial Investigators. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010; 376(9742): 687–697.
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. Szklener K, Piwoński M, Żak K, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma with novel immunotherapeutic agents and prospects for the future. Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology. 2021; 71(6): 391–400.
    CrossRef
  7. Biagioni A, Skalamera I, Peri S, et al. Update on gastric cancer treatments and gene therapies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2019; 38(3): 537–548.
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. Arienti C, Pignatta S, Tesei A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family and its Role in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol. 2019; 9: 1308.
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. Iqbal N, Iqbal N. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in Cancers: Overexpression and Therapeutic Implications. Mol Biol Int. 2014; 2014: 852748.
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. Boku N. HER2-positive gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2014; 17(1): 1–12.
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. Palle J, Rochand A, Pernot S, et al. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in Advanced Gastric Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Drugs. 2020; 80(4): 401–415.
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. Abrahao-Machado LF, Scapulatempo-Neto C. HER2 testing in gastric cancer: An update. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22(19): 4619–4625.
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. Croxtall JD, McKeage K. Trastuzumab: in HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer. Drugs. 2010; 70(17): 2259–2267.
    CrossRefPubMed
  14. Merchant SJ, Kong W, Gyawali B, et al. Effectiveness of Trastuzumab in Routine Clinical Practice: A Population-based Study of Patients with HER-2-positive Oesophageal, Gastroesophageal and Gastric Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2021; 33(3): 202–207.
    CrossRefPubMed
  15. Cheng X, Lu Yi. A review of capecitabine-based adjuvant therapy for gastric cancer in the Chinese population. Future Oncol. 2018; 14(8): 771–779.
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. Ryu MH, Yoo C, Kim JG, et al. Multicenter phase II study of trastuzumab in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2015; 51(4): 482–488.
    CrossRefPubMed
  17. Rivera F, Romero C, Jimenez-Fonseca P, et al. Phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of Trastuzumab in combination with Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin in first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer: HERXO trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2019; 83(6): 1175–1181.
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. Wang F, Liu TS, Yuan XL, et al. Trastuzumab plus docetaxel and capecitabine as a first-line treatment for HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a phase II, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study. Am J Cancer Res. 2020; 10(9): 3037–3046.
    PubMed
  19. Keam SJ. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan: First Approval. Drugs. 2020; 80(5): 501–508.
    CrossRefPubMed
  20. Shitara K, Iwata H, Takahashi S, et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) in patients with advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer: a dose-expansion, phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019; 20(6): 827–836.
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. Shitara K, Bang YJ, Iwasa S, et al. DESTINY-Gastric01 Investigators. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Previously Treated HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(25): 2419–2430.
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. Ballantyne A, Dhillon S. Trastuzumab emtansine: first global approval. Drugs. 2013; 73(7): 755–765.
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. Thuss-Patience PC, Shah MA, Ohtsu A, et al. Trastuzumab emtansine versus taxane use for previously treated HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GATSBY): an international randomised, open-label, adaptive, phase 2/3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18(5): 640–653.
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. Le Joncour V, Martins A, Puhka M, et al. A Novel Anti-HER2 Antibody-Drug Conjugate XMT-1522 for HER2-Positive Breast and Gastric Cancers Resistant to Trastuzumab Emtansine. Mol Cancer Ther. 2019; 18(10): 1721–1730.
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. Xu Z, Guo D, Jiang Z, et al. Novel HER2-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugates of Trastuzumab Beyond T-DM1 in Breast Cancer: Trastuzumab Deruxtecan(DS-8201a) and (Vic-)Trastuzumab Duocarmazine (SYD985). Eur J Med Chem. 2019; 183: 111682.
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. Rinnerthaler G, Gampenrieder SP, Greil R. HER2 Directed Antibody-Drug-Conjugates beyond T-DM1 in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(5).
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. ZW25 Effective in HER2-Positive Cancers. Cancer Discov. 2019; 9(1): 8.
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. Zhu Y, Tian T, Zou J, et al. Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 exerts extensive antitumor activity in HER2-positive gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 2015; 15: 894.
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. Richard S, Selle F, Lotz JP, et al. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab: the rationale way to synergy. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2016; 88 Suppl 1: 565–577.
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. Tabernero J, Hoff PM, Shen L, et al. Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy for HER2-positive metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (JACOB): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018; 19(10): 1372–1384.
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. Wagner AD, Grabsch HI, Mauer M, et al. EORTC-1203-GITCG - the "INNOVATION"-trial: Effect of chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, versus chemotherapy plus trastuzumab plus pertuzumab, in the perioperative treatment of HER2 positive, gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma on pathologic response rate: a randomized phase II-intergroup trial of the EORTC-Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Group, Korean Cancer Study Group and Dutch Upper GI-Cancer group. BMC Cancer. 2019; 19(1): 494.
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. Kreutzfeldt J, Rozeboom B, Dey N, et al. The trastuzumab era: current and upcoming targeted HER2+ breast cancer therapies. Am J Cancer Res. 2020; 10(4): 1045–1067.
    PubMed
  33. Catenacci D, Kang YK, Park H, et al. Margetuximab plus pembrolizumab in patients with previously treated, HER2-positive gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CP-MGAH22–05): a single-arm, phase 1b–2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21(8): 1066–1076.
    CrossRef
  34. Catenacci DVt, Rosales M, Chung HC, et al. MAHOGANY: margetuximab combination in HER2+ unresectable/metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Future Oncol. 2021; 17(10): 1155–1164.
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. Wecker H, Waller CF. Afatinib. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2018; 211: 199–215.
    CrossRefPubMed
  36. Ebert K, Zwingenberger G, Barbaria E, et al. Effects of trastuzumab and afatinib on kinase activity in gastric cancer cell lines. Mol Oncol. 2018; 12(4): 441–462.
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. Zarkavelis G, Samantas E, Koliou GA, et al. AGAPP: efficacy of first-line cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil with afatinib in inoperable gastric and gastroesophageal junction carcinomas. A Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group study. Acta Oncol. 2021; 60(6): 785–793.
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. Voigtlaender M, Schneider-Merck T, Trepel M. Lapatinib. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2018; 211: 19–44.
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. Moehler M, Schad A, Maderer A, et al. EORTC Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Group. Lapatinib with ECF/X in the first-line treatment of metastatic gastric cancer according to HER2neu and EGFR status: a randomized placebo-controlled phase II study (EORTC 40071). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2018; 82(4): 733–739.
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. Press MF, Ellis CE, Gagnon RC, et al. Lapatinib in Combination With Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Advanced or Metastatic Gastric, Esophageal, or Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: TRIO-013/LOGiC--A Randomized Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(5): 443–451.
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. Satoh T, Xu RH, Chung HC, et al. Lapatinib plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone in the second-line treatment of HER2-amplified advanced gastric cancer in Asian populations: TyTAN--a randomized, phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(19): 2039–2049.
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. Hamzehlou S, Momeny M, Zandi Z, et al. Anti-tumor activity of neratinib, a pan-HER inhibitor, in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019; 863: 172705.
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. Kim TM, Lee KW, Oh DY, et al. Phase 1 Studies of Poziotinib, an Irreversible Pan-HER Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Cancer Res Treat. 2018; 50(3): 835–842.
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. Kim TY, Han HS, Lee KW, et al. A phase I/II study of poziotinib combined with paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2019; 22(6): 1206–1214.
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. Han Y, Liu D, Li L. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2020; 10(3): 727–742.
    PubMed
  46. Qin W, Hu L, Zhang X, et al. The Diverse Function of PD-1/PD-L Pathway Beyond Cancer. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 2298.
    CrossRefPubMed
  47. Wu X, Gu Z, Chen Y, et al. Application of PD-1 Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2019; 17: 661–674.
    CrossRefPubMed
  48. Patel SP, Kurzrock R. PD-L1 Expression as a Predictive Biomarker in Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2015; 14(4): 847–856.
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. Gu L, Chen M, Guo D, et al. PD-L1 and gastric cancer prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017; 12(8): e0182692.
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. Lin C, He H, Liu H, et al. Tumour-associated macrophages-derived CXCL8 determines immune evasion through autonomous PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer. Gut. 2019; 68(10): 1764–1773.
    CrossRefPubMed
  51. Wang X, Wu WKK, Gao J, et al. Autophagy inhibition enhances PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019; 38(1): 140.
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. Kamath SD, Kalyan A, Benson AlB. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of gastric cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2018; 18(12): 1177–1187.
    CrossRefPubMed
  53. Fuchs CS, Doi T, Jang RW, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer: Phase 2 Clinical KEYNOTE-059 Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018; 4(5): e180013.
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. Shitara K, Özgüroğlu M, Bang YJ, et al. KEYNOTE-061 investigators. Pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel for previously treated, advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (KEYNOTE-061): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018; 392(10142): 123–133.
    CrossRefPubMed
  55. Fuchs CS, Özgüroğlu M, Bang YJ, et al. Pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel for previously treated PD-L1-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: 2-year update of the randomized phase 3 KEYNOTE-061 trial. Gastric Cancer. 2022; 25(1): 197–206.
    CrossRefPubMed
  56. Shitara K, Cutsem EV, Bang YJ, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab or Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone for Patients With First-line, Advanced Gastric Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2020; 6(10): 1571–1580.
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. Kawazoe A, Yamaguchi K, Yasui H, et al. Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab in combination with S-1 plus oxaliplatin as a first-line treatment in patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer: Cohort 1 data from the KEYNOTE-659 phase IIb study. Eur J Cancer. 2020; 129: 97–106.
    CrossRefPubMed
  58. Chung HC, Bang YJ, S Fuchs C, et al. First-line pembrolizumab/placebo plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy in HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer: KEYNOTE-811. Future Oncol. 2021; 17(5): 491–501.
    CrossRefPubMed
  59. Tabernero J, Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, et al. KEYNOTE-859: a Phase III study of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Future Oncol. 2021; 17(22): 2847–2855.
    CrossRefPubMed
  60. Kono K, Nakajima S, Mimura K. Current status of immune checkpoint inhibitors for gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2020; 23(4): 565–578.
    CrossRefPubMed
  61. Kang YK, Boku N, Satoh T, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017; 390(10111): 2461–2471.
    CrossRefPubMed
  62. Kato K, Cho BC, Takahashi M, et al. Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma refractory or intolerant to previous chemotherapy (ATTRACTION-3): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019; 20(11): 1506–1517.
    CrossRefPubMed
  63. Boku N, Ryu MH, Kato K, et al. Safety and efficacy of nivolumab in combination with S-1/capecitabine plus oxaliplatin in patients with previously untreated, unresectable, advanced, or recurrent gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer: interim results of a randomized, phase II trial (ATTRACTION-4). Ann Oncol. 2019; 30(2): 250–258.
    CrossRefPubMed
  64. Kang YK, Chen LT, Ryu MH, et al. Nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with HER2-negative, untreated, unresectable advanced or recurrent gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ATTRACTION-4): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022; 23(2): 234–247.
    CrossRefPubMed
  65. Roviello G, D'Angelo A, Generali D, et al. Avelumab in gastric cancer. Immunotherapy. 2019; 11(9): 759–768.
    CrossRefPubMed
  66. Bang YJ, Ruiz EY, Van Cutsem E, et al. Phase III, randomised trial of avelumab versus physician's choice of chemotherapy as third-line treatment of patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer: primary analysis of JAVELIN Gastric 300. Ann Oncol. 2018; 29(10): 2052–2060.
    CrossRefPubMed
  67. Moehler M, Dvorkin M, Boku N, et al. Phase III Trial of Avelumab Maintenance After First-Line Induction Chemotherapy Versus Continuation of Chemotherapy in Patients With Gastric Cancers: Results From JAVELIN Gastric 100. J Clin Oncol. 2021; 39(9): 966–977.
    CrossRefPubMed
  68. Bang YJ, Golan T, Dahan L, et al. Ramucirumab and durvalumab for previously treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, gastric/gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, or hepatocellular carcinoma: An open-label, phase Ia/b study (JVDJ). Eur J Cancer. 2020; 137: 272–284.
    CrossRefPubMed
  69. Kelly RJ, Lee J, Bang YJ, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Durvalumab and Tremelimumab Alone or in Combination in Patients with Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2020; 26(4): 846–854.
    CrossRefPubMed
  70. Evrard C, Louvet C, Hajbi FEl, et al. PRODIGE 59-DURIGAST trial: A randomised phase II study evaluating FOLFIRI + Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab in second-line of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Dig Liver Dis. 2021; 53(4): 420–426.
    CrossRefPubMed
  71. Janjigian YY, Van Cutsem E, Muro K, et al. MATTERHORN: phase III study of durvalumab plus FLOT chemotherapy in resectable gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer. Future Oncol. 2022; 18(20): 2465–2473.
    CrossRefPubMed
  72. Yu S, Yi M, Qin S, et al. Next generation chimeric antigen receptor T cells: safety strategies to overcome toxicity. Mol Cancer. 2019; 18(1): 125.
    CrossRefPubMed
  73. Chmielewski M, Abken H. TRUCKs: the fourth generation of CARs. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015; 15(8): 1145–1154.
    CrossRefPubMed
  74. June CH, Sadelain M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(1): 64–73.
    CrossRefPubMed
  75. Brudno JN, Kochenderfer JN. Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management. Blood. 2016; 127(26): 3321–3330.
    CrossRefPubMed
  76. Jiang H, Shi Z, Wang P, et al. Claudin18.2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineered T Cells for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019; 111(4): 409–418.
    CrossRefPubMed
  77. Sampera A, Sánchez-Martín FJ, Arpí O, et al. HER-Family Ligands Promote Acquired Resistance to Trastuzumab in Gastric Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2019; 18(11): 2135–2145.
    CrossRefPubMed
  78. Tang L, Long Z, Zhao Na, et al. NES1/KLK10 promotes trastuzumab resistance via activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in gastric cancer. J Cell Biochem. 2018; 119(8): 6398–6407.
    CrossRefPubMed
  79. Wang W, Wang S, Xu AM, et al. Overexpression of GSE1 Related to Trastuzumab Resistance in Gastric Cancer Cells. Biomed Res Int. 2021; 2021: 8834923.
    CrossRefPubMed
  80. Wang S, Zhao Y, Song Y, et al. ERBB2D16 Expression in HER2 Positive Gastric Cancer Is Associated With Resistance to Trastuzumab. Front Oncol. 2022; 12: 855308.
    CrossRefPubMed
  81. Wang DS, Liu ZX, Lu YX, et al. Liquid biopsies to track trastuzumab resistance in metastatic HER2-positive gastric cancer. Gut. 2019; 68(7): 1152–1161.
    CrossRefPubMed
  82. Ebert K, Haffner I, Zwingenberger G, et al. Combining gene expression analysis of gastric cancer cell lines and tumor specimens to identify biomarkers for anti-HER therapies-the role of HAS2, SHB and HBEGF. BMC Cancer. 2022; 22(1): 254.
    CrossRefPubMed
  83. Sawaya S, Bagshaw A, Buschiazzo E, et al. Microsatellite tandem repeats are abundant in human promoters and are associated with regulatory elements. PLoS One. 2013; 8(2): e54710.
    CrossRefPubMed
  84. Baretti M, Le DT. DNA mismatch repair in cancer. Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 189: 45–62.
    CrossRefPubMed
  85. Puliga E, Corso S, Pietrantonio F, et al. Microsatellite instability in Gastric Cancer: Between lights and shadows. Cancer Treat Rev. 2021; 95: 102175.
    CrossRefPubMed
  86. Marabelle A, Le DT, Ascierto PA, et al. Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Noncolorectal High Microsatellite Instability/Mismatch Repair-Deficient Cancer: Results From the Phase II KEYNOTE-158 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(1): 1–10.
    CrossRefPubMed
  87. Wang YL, Gong Y, Lv Z, et al. Expression of PD1/PDL1 in gastric cancer at different microsatellite status and its correlation with infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. J Cancer. 2021; 12(6): 1698–1707.
    CrossRefPubMed
  88. Saito M, Kono K. Landscape of EBV-positive gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2021; 24(5): 983–989.
    CrossRefPubMed
  89. Lima Á, Sousa H, Medeiros R, et al. PD-L1 expression in EBV associated gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Discov Oncol. 2022; 13(1): 19.
    CrossRefPubMed
  90. Alessandrini L, Manchi M, De Re V, et al. Proposed Molecular and miRNA Classification of Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(6).
    CrossRefPubMed
  91. Chen Di, Ping S, Xu Y, et al. Non-Coding RNAs in Gastric Cancer: From Malignant Hallmarks to Clinical Applications. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021; 9: 732036.
    CrossRefPubMed
  92. Li W, Liu JQ, Chen M, et al. Circular RNA in cancer development and immune regulation. J Cell Mol Med. 2022; 26(6): 1785–1798.
    CrossRefPubMed
  93. Chen DL, Sheng H, Zhang DS, et al. The circular RNA circDLG1 promotes gastric cancer progression and anti-PD-1 resistance through the regulation of CXCL12 by sponging miR-141-3p. Mol Cancer. 2021; 20(1): 166.
    CrossRefPubMed
  94. Li C, Shen Q, Zhang P, et al. Targeting MUS81 promotes the anticancer effect of WEE1 inhibitor and immune checkpoint blocking combination therapy via activating cGAS/STING signaling in gastric cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021; 40(1): 315.
    CrossRefPubMed
  95. Sahin U, Türeci Ö, Manikhas G, et al. FAST: a randomised phase II study of zolbetuximab (IMAB362) plus EOX versus EOX alone for first-line treatment of advanced CLDN18.2-positive gastric and gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2021; 32(5): 609–619.
    CrossRefPubMed

Regulations

Important: This website uses cookies. More >>

The cookies allow us to identify your computer and find out details about your last visit. They remembering whether you've visited the site before, so that you remain logged in - or to help us work out how many new website visitors we get each month. Most internet browsers accept cookies automatically, but you can change the settings of your browser to erase cookies or prevent automatic acceptance if you prefer.

Wydawcą serwisu jest VM Media Group sp. z o.o., ul. Świętokrzyska 73, 80–180 Gdańsk

tel.:+48 58 320 94 94, faks:+48 58 320 94 60, e-mail: viamedica@viamedica.pl