Tumour markers in the routine diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma

Abstract

Kidney cancer is a particularly malignant cancer that occurs more often in men than in women and accounts for nearly 90% of all renal tumours. The most common kidney cancer is clear cell carcinoma, making up approximately 80% of all cases.Among the diagnostic markers of kidney cancer, is the most common immunosuppressive acidic protein IAP, whose elevated levels in the blood indicate the presence of lymph node metastases or other distant metastases. Another important marker in the diagnosis of kidney cancer is P-glycoprotein: the increased expression is associated with poor prognosis. Other markers of advanced kidney cancer are also examined: adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and cyclooxygenase. It is also noted that 2 PAX2 has recently proved to be a useful marker in the diagnosis of renal cancer.No markers used are fully diagnostic, therefore such markers cannot act as the primary criterion for the diagnosis of renal cancer. They can be used only as a supplement to other diagnostics used to monitor the treatment and detection of a possible recurrence of the disease. It is important to continue to search for new prognostic biomarkers that can be appropriate for routine diagnosis of this tumour and may increase the eff ectiveness of treatment.