Vol 55, No 4 (2021)
Review Article
Published online: 2021-06-17
Screening and diagnosis for mood and anxiety disorders in epilepsy: Polish population reference values
1
, 1, 1
, 1, 1
Abstract
Introduction. Epilepsy is one of the world’s most prevalent noncommunicable diseases and tends to have a chronic course, often with comorbid psychiatric disorders, of which depressive disorders (DDs) and anxiety disorders (ADs) are the most common.
Background. As anxiety and depressive disorders are underdiagnosed and so undertreated in people with epilepsy (PWE), this could have implications for the course of both of these medical conditions and the response to treatment and health outcomes. Thus it is crucial to perform screening for psychiatric disorders in populations with epilepsy using specific psychometric screening instruments optimised for that group of patients. Polish versions of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) were validated against ‘gold standards’ in a Polish population with epilepsy.
Clinical implications. Using well-validated screening instruments that can be easily implemented in a clinical setting may contribute to better diagnosis, and consequently treatment, of comorbid psychiatric disorders, which would have a great impact on the course and prognosis of epilepsy management.
Conclusions. Based on the outcomes of Polish studies aimed at validating psychometric instruments for screening for mood and anxiety disorders, HADS is recommended as a first-choice screening tool.
Keywords: epilepsymood disordersanxiety disordersscreening tools
References
- Brandt C, Schoendienst M, Trentowska M, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with refractory focal epilepsy — a prospective clinic based survey. Epilepsy Behav. 2010; 17(2): 259–263.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Cubała WJ. Prevalence of anxiety disorders in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2018; 79: 1–3.
- Kanner AM, Barry JJ. Is the psychopathology of epilepsy different from that of nonepileptic patients? Epilepsy Behav. 2001; 2(3): 170–186.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Cubała WJ. Validation of the Polish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for anxiety disorders in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2018; 84: 162–165.
- First MB, Gibbon M. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II). In: Hilsenroth MJ, Segal DL. ed. Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment. Personality assessment. John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken 2004: 134–143.
- Wu Y, Levis B, Sun Y, et al. Probability of major depression diagnostic classification based on the SCID, CIDI and MINI diagnostic interviews controlling for hospital anxiety and depression scale — depression subscale scores: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 73 primary studies. J Psychosom Res. 2020; 129: 109892.
- Brugha TS, Bebbington PE, Jenkins R. A difference that matters: comparisons of structured and semi-structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews in the general population. Psychol Med. 1999; 29(5): 1013–1020.
- Brugha TS, Jenkins R, Taub N, et al. A general population comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Psychol Med. 2001; 31(6): 1001–1013.
- Robins LN, Wing J, Wittchen HU, et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic Instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988; 45(12): 1069–1077.
- Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998; 59(Suppl 20): 22–33; quiz 34–57.
- Lecrubier Y, Sheehan DV, Weiller E, et al. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry. 2020; 12(5): 224–231.
- Fiest KM, Patten SB, Jetté N. Screening for depression and anxiety in epilepsy. Neurol Clin. 2016; 34(2): 351–361, vii–viii.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Cubała WJ. Psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale in patients with epilepsy with and without comorbid anxiety disorder. Epilepsy Behav. 2019; 94: 9–13.
- Maters GA, Sanderman R, Kim AY, et al. Problems in cross-cultural use of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: "no butterflies in the desert". PLoS One. 2013; 8(8): e70975.
- de Oliveira GN, Lessa JM, Gonçalves AP, et al. Screening for depression in people with epilepsy: comparative study among neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy (NDDI-E), hospital anxiety and depression scale depression subscale (HADS-D), and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Epilepsy Behav. 2014; 34: 50–54.
- Fiest KM, Patten SB, Wiebe S, et al. Validating screening tools for depression in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014; 55(10): 1642–1650.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Michalak L, et al. Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 58: 97–101.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Michalak L, et al. Validation of the polish version of the Beck depression inventory in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017; 77: 58–61.
- Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983; 67(6): 361–370.
- Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960; 23(1): 56–62.
- Gilliam FG, Barry JJ, Hermann BP, et al. Rapid detection of major depression in epilepsy: a multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2006; 5(5): 399–405.
- Parnowski T, Jernajczyk W. Beck's depression inventory in the rating of mood in normal subjects and in patients with affective disturbances [article in Polish]. Psychiatr Pol. 1977; 11(4): 417–421.
- Grabowska-Grzyb A, Jedrzejczak J, Nagańska E, et al. Risk factors for depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006; 8(2): 411–417.
- Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003; 1: 29.
- Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959; 32(1): 50–55.
- Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto 1970.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Cubała WJ. Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in epilepsy with and without comorbid anxiety disorder. Epilepsy Behav. 2019; 92: 221–225.
- Wrześniewski K, Sosnowski T, Matusik D. Inwentarz stanu i cechy lęku STAI. Polska adaptacja STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI). Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Warszawa 2002.
- Gmaj B, Majkowski J, Szczypiński J, et al. Validation of the Polish version of the neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy (P-NDDI-E). Journal of Epileptology. 2018; 26(1–2): 59–64.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Michalak L, et al. Validation of the Polish version of the hamilton rating scale for depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 62: 81–84.
- Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1989; 30(4): 389–399.
- Blumer D, Montouris G, Davies K. The interictal dysphoric disorder: recognition, pathogenesis, and treatment of the major psychiatric disorder of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2004; 5(6): 826–840.
- Amiri M, Hansen CP. The interictal dysphoric disorder in patients with epilepsy: A doubtful disorder lacking diagnostic tools. Seizure. 2015; 24: 70–76.
- Wiglusz MS, Landowski J, Michalak L, et al. Reevaluating the prevalence and diagnostic subtypes of depressive disorders in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015; 53: 15–19.
- First MB, Williams JBW, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders, clinician version (SCID-5-CV). American Psychiatric Association, Arlington 2016.
- American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc, Arlington 2013.
