Wyszuk. zaawans.

Tom 7, Nr 3 (2021)
Wytyczne / stanowisko ekspertów
Opublikowany online: 2021-10-06

dostęp otwarty

Pokaż PDF Pobierz plik PDF
Wyświetlenia strony 3964
Wyświetlenia/pobrania artykułu 626
Pobierz cytowanie

Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Eksport do Mediów Społecznościowych

Wytyczne PTL/KLRWP/PTK/PTDL/PTD/PTNT diagnostyki i leczenia zaburzeń lipidowych w Polsce 2021

Maciej Banach123, Paweł Burchardt45, Krzysztof Chlebus6, Piotr Dobrowolski7, Dariusz Dudek8, Krzysztof Dyrbuś9, Mariusz Gąsior9, Piotr Jankowski1011, Jacek Jóźwiak12, Longina Kłosiewicz-Latoszek13, Irina Kowalska14, Maciej Małecki15, Aleksander Prejbisz7, Michał Rakowski16, Jacek Rysz17, Bogdan Solnica18, Dariusz Sitkiewicz19, Grażyna Sygitowicz19, Grażyna Sypniewska20, Tomasz Tomasik21, Adam Windak21, Dorota Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz22, Barbara Cybulska13
Nadciśnienie Tętnicze w Praktyce 2021;7(3):113-122.

Streszczenie

Brak

Artykuł dostępny w formacie PDF

Pokaż PDF Pobierz plik PDF

Referencje

  1. Soran H, Adam S, Mohammad JB, et al. Hypercholesterolaemia — practical information for non-specialists. Arch Med Sci. 2018; 14(1): 1–21.
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. Penson PE, Pirro M, Banach M. LDL-C: lower is better for longer-even at low risk. BMC Med. 2020; 18(1): 320.
    CrossRefPubMed
  3. Ling JZJ, Montvida O, Khunti K, et al. Therapeutic inertia in the management of dyslipidaemia and hypertension in incident type 2 diabetes and the resulting risk factor burden: Real-world evidence from primary care. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021; 23(7): 1518–1531.
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. Zdrojewski T, Solnica B, Cybulska B, et al. Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in Poland. The NATPOL 2011 survey. Kardiol Pol. 2016; 74(3): 213–223.
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. Dyrbuś K, Gąsior M, Desperak P, et al. The prevalence and management of familial hypercholesterolemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Polish tertiary centre: Results from the TERCET registry with 19,781 individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2019; 288: 33–41.
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. Cybulska B, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Penson PE, et al. International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). How much should LDL cholesterol be lowered in secondary prevention? Clinical efficacy and safety in the era of PCSK9 inhibitors. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021; 67: 65–74.
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. Banach M, Penson PE. Statins and LDL-C in Secondary Prevention-So Much Progress, So Far to Go. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3(11): e2025675.
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. Banach M, Jankowski P, Jóźwiak J, et al. PoLA/CFPiP/PCS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias for Family Physicians 2016. Arch Med Sci. 2017; 13(1): 1–45.
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(1): 111–188.
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. Jóźwiak JJ, Studziński K, Tomasik T, et al. LIPIDOGRAM2015 Investigators. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease among primary care patients in Poland: results from the LIPIDOGRAM2015 study. Atheroscler Suppl. 2020; 42: e15–e24.
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2020; 49(1): 173–192.
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature. 2020; 582(7810): 73–77.
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. Jóźwiak J. Dyslipidemie. In: Windak A, Mastalerz-Migas A, Chlabicz S. ed. Medycyna rodzinna. Podręcznik dla lekarzy i studentów. Termedia, Poznan 2015.
  14. Rywik S, Broda G, Piotrowski W, et al. Epidemiologia chorób układu krążenia - Program Pol-MONICA Warszawa. Kardiol Pol. 1996; 44(Supl. 2): 7–35.
  15. Tendera M, Kozakiewicz K, Bartnik M, et al. Występowanie głównych czynników ryzyka choroby niedokrwiennej serca w grupie 41 927 osób objętych akcją prewencji pierwotnej w Polsce południowej (Southeren Poland Epidemiological Survey — SPES). Wiad Lek. 2001; 54(5–6): 293–303.
  16. Zdrojewski T, Bandosz P, Szpakowski P, et al. Rozpowszechnienie głównych czynników ryzyka chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego w Polsce. Wyniki badania NATPOL PLUS. Kardiol Pol. 2004; 61(Supl. 4): 1–26.
  17. Pająk A, Wiercińska E, Polakowska M, et al. Rozpowszechnienie dyslipidemii u mężczyzn i kobiet w wieku 20-74 lat w Polsce. Wyniki programu WOBASZ. Kardiol Pol. 2005; 63(Supl. 4): 620–626.
  18. Jóźwiak J, Mastej M, Lukas W, et al. LIPIDOGRAM2003 - Ocena i porównanie parametrów pełnego lipidogramu i wskaźnika masy ciała BMI w zależności od płci i wieku w populacji pacjentów Polski południowej i zachodniej. Część II: częstość występowania zaburzeń lipidowych w zależności od płci i BMI. Probl Med Rodz. 2005; 7(2): 33–39.
  19. Jóźwiak J, Mastej M, Lukas W, et al. Czy problem zaburzeń lipidowych w równym stopniu dotyczy różnych regionów Polski? Kardiol Pol. 2006; 64(Supl. 2): 137–145.
  20. Konduracka E, Jóźwiak J, Mastej M, et al. Prevalence of dislipidemia and general ineffectiveness of its treatment In both primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease within family medicine framework - results of LIPIDOGRAM 2005 a nationwide epidemiological study. Dislipidemia in Poland — ineffective treatment. Przegl Lek. 2008; 65(12): 834–837.
  21. Pająk A, Szafraniec K, Polak M, et al. WOBASZ Investigators. Changes in the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia and other dyslipidemias over 10 years in Poland: the WOBASZ study. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2016; 126(9): 642–652.
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. Kaess BM, Jozwiak J, Mastej M, et al. Association between anthropometric obesity measures and coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional survey of 16,657 subjects from 444 Polish cities. Heart. 2010; 96(2): 131–135.
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. Tomasik T, Jozwiak J, Windak A, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease in primary medical care in Poland: results from the LIPIDOGRAM study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011; 18(2): 287–296.
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. Kaess BM, Jóźwiak J, Nelson CP, et al. The relation of rapid changes in obesity measures to lipid profile - insights from a nationwide metabolic health survey in 444 Polish cities. PLoS One. 2014; 9(1): e86837.
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. Jankowski P, Czarnecka D, Łukaszewska A, et al. Factors related to the effectiveness of hypercholesterolemia treatment following hospitalization for coronary artery disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2016; 126(6): 388–394.
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. Jankowski P, Czarnecka D, Badacz L, et al. Practice setting and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Arch Med Sci. 2018; 14(5): 979–987.
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. Jóźwiak J, Kasperczyk S, Tomasik T, et al. Design and rationale of a nationwide screening analysis from the LIPIDOGRAM2015 and LIPIDOGEN2015 studies. Arch Med Sci. 2020.
    CrossRef
  28. Harrison SL, Lane DA, Banach M, et al. LIPIDOGRAM2015 Investigators. Lipid levels, atrial fibrillation and the impact of age: Results from the LIPIDOGRAM2015 study. Atherosclerosis. 2020; 312: 16–22.
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. Gańczak M, Miazgowski T, Kożybska M, et al. Changes in disease burden in Poland between 1990-2017 in comparison with other Central European countries: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. PLoS One. 2020; 15(3): e0226766.
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. Ray KK, Molemans B, Schoonen WM, et al. DA VINCI study. EU-Wide Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: the DA VINCI study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 [Epub ahead of print].
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. Vrablik M, Seifert B, Parkhomenko A, et al. Are risk-based LDL-c goals achieved in primary and secondary care in central and Eastern Europe? comparison with other Europe regions from the DA VINCI observational study. Atherosclerosis. 2021; 331: e23.
    CrossRef
  32. Podgórski M, Szatko K, Stańczyk M, et al. "Apple does not fall far from the tree" — subclinical atherosclerosis in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Lipids Health Dis. 2020; 19(1): 169.
    CrossRefPubMed
  33. Banach M, Wojtowicz E, Mastej M, et al. P5304Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in Poland in the LIPIDOGRAM2004 and 2006 population-based surveys. Eur Heart J. 2017; 38(suppl_1).
    CrossRef
  34. Dyrbuś K, Gąsior M, Desperak P, et al. The prevalence and management of familial hypercholesterolemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Polish tertiary centre: Results from the TERCET registry with 19,781 individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2019; 288: 33–41.
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. Langlois MR, Chapman MJ, Cobbaert C, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Joint Consensus Initiative. Quantifying Atherogenic Lipoproteins: Current and Future Challenges in the Era of Personalized Medicine and Very Low Concentrations of LDL Cholesterol. A Consensus Statement from EAS and EFLM. Clin Chem. 2018; 64(7): 1006–1033.
    CrossRefPubMed
  36. Sathiyakumar V, Pallazola VA, Park J, et al. Modern prevalence of the Fredrickson-Levy-Lees dyslipidemias: findings from the Very Large Database of Lipids and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Med Sci. 2020; 16(6): 1279–1287.
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. Borén J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(24): 2313–2330.
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. Carr SS, Hooper AJ, Sullivan DR, et al. Non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B compared with LDL-cholesterol in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Pathology. 2019; 51(2): 148–154.
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. Enger SC, Hjermann I, Foss OP, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and myocardial infarction or sudden coronary death: a prospective case-control study in middle-aged men of the Oslo study. Artery. 1979; 5(2): 170–181.
    PubMed
  40. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989; 79(1): 8–15.
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. Otocka-Kmiecik A, Mikhailidis DP, Nicholls SJ, et al. Dysfunctional HDL: a novel important diagnostic and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? Prog Lipid Res. 2012; 51(4): 314–324.
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. Barylski M, Toth PP, Nikolic D, et al. Emerging therapies for raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and augmenting HDL particle functionality. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 28(3): 453–461.
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. Stahel P, Xiao C, Hegele RA, et al. The Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Complex and Novel Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Diabetes. Can J Cardiol. 2018; 34(5): 595–604.
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. Iqbal J, Al Qarni A, Hawwari A, et al. Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemia and Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2018; 14(5): 427–433.
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. Cybulska B, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Penson PE, et al. What do we know about the role of lipoprotein(a) in atherogenesis 57 years after its discovery? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020; 63(3): 219–227.
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. Kamstrup PR. Lipoprotein(a) and ischemic heart disease--a causal association? A review. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 211(1): 15–23.
    CrossRefPubMed
  47. Banach M. Lipoprotein (a)-We Know So Much Yet Still Have Much to Learn …. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5(4).
    CrossRefPubMed
  48. Zdrojewski T, Jankowski P, Bandosz P, et al. [A new version of cardiovascular risk assessment system and risk charts calibrated for Polish population]. Kardiol Pol. 2015; 73(10): 958–961.
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. Banach M, Penson PE. What have we learned about lipids and cardiovascular risk from PCSK9 inhibitor outcome trials: ODYSSEY and FOURIER? Cardiovasc Res. 2019; 115(3): e26–e31.
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. Solnica B, Sygitowicz G, Sitkiewicz D, et al. 2020 Guidelines of the Polish Society of Laboratory Diagnostics (PSLD) and the Polish Lipid Association (PoLA) on laboratory diagnostics of lipid metabolism disorders. Arch Med Sci. 2020; 16(2): 237–252.
    CrossRefPubMed
  51. Lambert JE, Parks EJ. Postprandial metabolism of meal triglyceride in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012; 1821(5): 721–726.
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. Borén J, Matikainen N, Adiels M, et al. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia as a coronary risk factor. Clin Chim Acta. 2014; 431: 131–142.
    CrossRefPubMed
  53. Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A, Mora S, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Joint Consensus Initiative. Fasting Is Not Routinely Required for Determination of a Lipid Profile: Clinical and Laboratory Implications Including Flagging at Desirable Concentration Cutpoints-A Joint Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem. 2016; 62(7): 930–946.
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. Maierean SM, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, et al. The potential role of statins in preeclampsia and dyslipidemia during gestation: a narrative review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018; 27(5): 427–435.
    CrossRefPubMed
  55. Bucolo G, David H. Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin Chem. 1973; 19(5): 476–482.
    PubMed
  56. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, et al. Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70(3): 482–487.
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. Colantonio LD, Bittner V, Reynolds K, et al. Association of Serum Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease in Contemporary Observational Studies. Circulation. 2016; 133(3): 256–264.
    CrossRefPubMed
  58. Gibbons GF, Islam K, Pease RJ. Mobilisation of triacylglycerol stores. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1483(1): 37–57.
    CrossRefPubMed
  59. Ramírez M, Amate L, Gil A. Absorption and distribution of dietary fatty acids from different sources. Early Hum Dev. 2001; 65 Suppl: S95–S9S101.
    CrossRefPubMed
  60. Nordestgaard BG. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights From Epidemiology, Genetics, and Biology. Circ Res. 2016; 118(4): 547–563.
    CrossRefPubMed
  61. Quispe R, Hendrani AD, Baradaran-Noveiry B, et al. Characterization of lipoprotein profiles in patients with hypertriglyceridemic Fredrickson-Levy and Lees dyslipidemia phenotypes: the Very Large Database of Lipids Studies 6 and 7. Arch Med Sci. 2019; 15(5): 1195–1202.
    CrossRefPubMed
  62. Quispe R, Manalac RJ, Faridi KF, et al. Relationship of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio to the remainder of the lipid profile: The Very Large Database of Lipids-4 (VLDL-4) study. Atherosclerosis. 2015; 242(1): 243–250.
    CrossRefPubMed
  63. Catapano A, Tokgözoğlu L, Silva AM, et al. Atherogenic markers in predicting cardiovascular risk and targeting residual cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis Suppl. 2019; 39: 100001.
    CrossRef
  64. Siedel J, Schmuck R, Staepels J, et al. Long term stable, liquid ready-to-use mono reagent for the enzymatic assay of serum or plasma triglycerides (GPO-PAP-method). AACC Meeting Abstract 34. Clin Chem. 1993; 39: 1127.
  65. Elshourbagy N, Meyers H, Abdel-Meguid S. Cholesterol: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly — Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia. Med Princ Pract. 2013; 23(2): 99–111.
    CrossRef
  66. Rynkiewicz A, Cybulska B, Banach M, et al. Polish Lipid Expert Forum. [Management of familial heterozygous hypercholesterolaemia. Position paper of the Polish Lipid Expert Forum]. Kardiol Pol. 2013; 71(1): 107–111.
    PubMed
  67. Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, et al. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1974; 20(4): 470–475.
    PubMed
  68. Camont L, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. Biological activities of HDL subpopulations and their relevance to cardiovascular disease. Trends Mol Med. 2011; 17(10): 594–603.
    CrossRefPubMed
  69. Soran H, Schofield JD, Durrington PN. Antioxidant properties of HDL. Front Pharmacol. 2015; 6: 222.
    CrossRefPubMed
  70. Lenten BV. The Role of High-Density Lipoproteins in Oxidation and Inflammation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2001; 11(3–4): 155–161.
    CrossRef
  71. Otocka-Kmiecik A, Mikhailidis DP, Nicholls SJ, et al. Dysfunctional HDL: a novel important diagnostic and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? Prog Lipid Res. 2012; 51(4): 314–324.
    CrossRefPubMed
  72. Ganjali S, Watts G, Banach M, et al. The Yin and Yang of High-density Lipoprotein and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Focusing on Functionality and Cholesterol Efflux to Reframe the HDL Hypothesis. Curr Med Chem. 2021; 28.
    CrossRefPubMed
  73. Ganjali S, Momtazi AA, Banach M, et al. HDL abnormalities in familial hypercholesterolemia: Focus on biological functions. Prog Lipid Res. 2017; 67: 16–26.
    CrossRefPubMed
  74. Movva R, Rader DJ. Laboratory assessment of HDL heterogeneity and function. Clin Chem. 2008; 54(5): 788–800.
    CrossRefPubMed
  75. Hafiane A, Genest J. High density lipoproteins: Measurement techniques and potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. BBA Clin. 2015; 3: 175–188.
    CrossRefPubMed
  76. Rizzo M, Otvos J, Nikolic D, et al. Subfractions and subpopulations of HDL: an update. Curr Med Chem. 2014; 21(25): 2881–2891.
    CrossRefPubMed
  77. Barylski M, Toth PP, Nikolic D, et al. Emerging therapies for raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and augmenting HDL particle functionality. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 28(3): 453–461.
    CrossRefPubMed
  78. Landray MJ, Haynes R, Hopewell JC, et al. HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(3): 203–212.
    CrossRefPubMed
  79. Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Elshazly MB, et al. Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile. JAMA. 2013; 310(19): 2061–2068.
    CrossRefPubMed
  80. Quispe R, Hendrani A, Elshazly MB, et al. Accuracy of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol estimation at very low levels. BMC Med. 2017; 15(1): 83.
    CrossRefPubMed
  81. Chaen H, Kinchiku S, Miyata M, et al. Validity of a Novel Method for Estimation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Diabetic Patients. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016; 23(12): 1355–1364.
    CrossRefPubMed
  82. Miller WG, Myers GL, Sakurabayashi I, et al. Seven direct methods for measuring HDL and LDL cholesterol compared with ultracentrifugation reference measurement procedures. Clin Chem. 2010; 56(6): 977–986.
    CrossRefPubMed
  83. Sampson M, Ling C, Sun Q, et al. A New Equation for Calculation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients With Normolipidemia and/or Hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5(5): 540–548.
    CrossRefPubMed
  84. Li KM, Wilcken DE, Dudman NP. Effect of serum lipoprotein(a) on estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by the Friedewald formula. Clin Chem. 1994; 40(4): 571–573.
    PubMed
  85. Tabas I, Williams KJ, Borén J. Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation. 2007; 116(16): 1832–1844.
    CrossRefPubMed
  86. Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2016; 27(5): 473–483.
    CrossRefPubMed
  87. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2020; 49(1): 173–192.
    CrossRefPubMed
  88. Sygitowicz G, Filipiak K, Sitkiewicz D. Czy nie-HDL cholesterol lepiej niż cholesterol frakcji LDL odzwierciedla ryzyko sercowo-naczyniowe? Folia Cardiologica. 2018; 13(5): 435–441.
    CrossRef
  89. Dominiczak MH, Caslake MJ. Apolipoproteins: metabolic role and clinical biochemistry applications. Ann Clin Biochem. 2011; 48(Pt 6): 498–515.
    CrossRefPubMed
  90. Contois JH, McConnell JP, Sethi AA, et al. AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices. Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease risk: position statement from the AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices. Clin Chem. 2009; 55(3): 407–419.
    CrossRefPubMed
  91. Marcovina SM, Albers JJ. Lipoprotein (a) measurements for clinical application. J Lipid Res. 2016; 57(4): 526–537.
    CrossRefPubMed
  92. Banach M, Penson PE. Statins and Lp(a): do not make perfect the enemy of excellent. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(1): 190–191.
    CrossRefPubMed
  93. Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Johnston TP, et al. Lipoprotein(a): A missing culprit in the management of athero-thrombosis? J Cell Physiol. 2018; 233(4): 2966–2981.
    CrossRefPubMed
  94. Toth PP, Jones SR, Monsalvo ML, et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein B, and Lipoprotein(a): A Pooled Analysis of Phase 2 and Phase 3 Studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9(5): e014129.
    CrossRefPubMed
  95. Banach M. Lipoprotein (a)-We Know So Much Yet Still Have Much to Learn …. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5(4).
    CrossRefPubMed
  96. Cao J, Steffen BT, Guan W, et al. Evaluation of Lipoprotein(a) Electrophoretic and Immunoassay Methods in Discriminating Risk of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Clin Chem. 2017; 63(11): 1705–1713.
    CrossRefPubMed
  97. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31(23): 2844–2853.
    CrossRefPubMed
  98. Tsimikas S. A Test in Context: Lipoprotein(a): Diagnosis, Prognosis, Controversies, and Emerging Therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69(6): 692–711.
    CrossRefPubMed
  99. Moulin P, Dufour R, Averna M, et al. Identification and diagnosis of patients with familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS): Expert panel recommendations and proposal of an "FCS score". Atherosclerosis. 2018; 275: 265–272.
    CrossRefPubMed
  100. Fahed AC, Nemer GM. Familial hypercholesterolemia: the lipids or the genes? Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011; 8(1): 23.
    CrossRefPubMed
  101. Masson W, Lobo M, Siniawski D, et al. Role of non-statin lipid-lowering therapy in coronary atherosclerosis regression: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Lipids Health Dis. 2020; 19(1): 111.
    CrossRefPubMed
  102. Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Impact of statin therapy on coronary plaque composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound studies. BMC Med. 2015; 13: 229.
    CrossRefPubMed
  103. Nicholls SJ, Puri R, Anderson T, et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Coronary Plaque Composition. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72(17): 2012–2021.
    CrossRefPubMed
  104. Gencer B, Marston NA, Im K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020; 396(10263): 1637–1643.
    CrossRefPubMed
  105. Wang N, Fulcher J, Abeysuriya N, et al. Intensive LDL cholesterol-lowering treatment beyond current recommendations for the prevention of major vascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials including 327 037 participants. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020; 8(1): 36–49.
    CrossRefPubMed
  106. Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017; 38(32): 2459–2472.
    CrossRefPubMed
  107. Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Bianconi V, et al. PCSK9 and neurocognitive function: Should it be still an issue after FOURIER and EBBINGHAUS results? J Clin Lipidol. 2018; 12(5): 1123–1132.
    CrossRefPubMed
  108. Banach M, Shekoohi N, Mikhailidis D, et al. Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Lipid Lowering Agents And The Risk Of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis Of Observational Studies And Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75(11): 2080.
    CrossRef
  109. Banach M, Penson PE, Vrablik M, et al. ACS EuroPath Central & South European Countries Project. Optimal use of lipid-lowering therapy after acute coronary syndromes: A Position Paper endorsed by the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Pharmacol Res. 2021; 166: 105499.
    CrossRefPubMed
  110. Bohula EA, Bonaca MP, Braunwald E, et al. Atherothrombotic Risk Stratification and the Efficacy and Safety of Vorapaxar in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease and Previous Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2016; 134(4): 304–313.
    CrossRefPubMed
  111. Jellinger P, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit P, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Endocr Pract. 2017; 23: 1–87.
    CrossRef
  112. Sabatine MS, De Ferrari GM, Giugliano RP, et al. Clinical Benefit of Evolocumab by Severity and Extent of Coronary Artery Disease: Analysis From FOURIER. Circulation. 2018; 138(8): 756–766.
    CrossRefPubMed
  113. Jukema J, Szarek M, Zijlstra L, et al. Alirocumab in Patients With Polyvascular Disease and Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 74(9): 1167–1176.
    CrossRefPubMed
  114. Dyrbuś K, Gąsior M, Desperak P, et al. Risk-factors associated with extremely high cardiovascular risk of mid- and long-term mortality following myocardial infarction: Analysis of the Hyperlipidaemia Therapy in tERtiary Cardiological cEnTer (TERCET) registry. Atherosclerosis. 2021; 333: 16–23.
    CrossRefPubMed
  115. Katsiki N, Nikolic D, Montalto G, et al. The role of fibrate treatment in dyslipidemia: an overview. Curr Pharm Des. 2013; 19(17): 3124–3131.
    CrossRefPubMed
  116. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester ADM, et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(5): 1146–1155.
    CrossRefPubMed
  117. Riccardi G, Vaccaro O, Costabile G, et al. How Well Can We Control Dyslipidemias Through Lifestyle Modifications? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016; 18(7): 66.
    CrossRefPubMed
  118. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(3): 285–293.
    CrossRefPubMed
  119. Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, et al. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(4): CD003817.
    CrossRefPubMed
  120. Zhubi-Bakija F, Bajraktari G, Bytyçi I, et al. International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). The impact of type of dietary protein, animal versus vegetable, in modifying cardiometabolic risk factors: A position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Clin Nutr. 2021; 40(1): 255–276.
    CrossRefPubMed
  121. Brien SE, Ronksley PE, Turner BJ, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ. 2011; 342: d636.
    CrossRefPubMed
  122. Sahebkar A, Serban MC, Gluba-Brzózka A, et al. Lipid-modifying effects of nutraceuticals: An evidence-based approach. Nutrition. 2016; 32(11-12): 1179–1192.
    CrossRefPubMed
  123. Mazidi M, Mikhailidis DP, Sattar N, et al. International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) & Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Association of types of dietary fats and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of prospective studies with 1,164,029 participants. Clin Nutr. 2020; 39(12): 3677–3686.
    CrossRefPubMed
  124. Taskinen MR, Söderlund S, Bogl LH, et al. Adverse effects of fructose on cardiometabolic risk factors and hepatic lipid metabolism in subjects with abdominal obesity. J Intern Med. 2017; 282(2): 187–201.
    CrossRefPubMed
  125. Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, et al. The Task Force for diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(2): 255–323.
    CrossRefPubMed
  126. Ganjali S, Banach M, Pirro M, et al. HDL and cancer — causality still needs to be confirmed? Update 2020. Semin Cancer Biol. 2021; 73: 169–177.
    CrossRefPubMed
  127. Ganjali S, Ricciuti B, Pirro M, et al. High-Density Lipoprotein Components and Functionality in Cancer: State-of-the-Art. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 30(1): 12–24.
    CrossRefPubMed
  128. Huffman KM, Hawk VH, Henes ST, et al. Exercise effects on lipids in persons with varying dietary patterns-does diet matter if they exercise? Responses in Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise I. Am Heart J. 2012; 164(1): 117–124.
    CrossRefPubMed
  129. Maeda K, Noguchi Y, Fukui T. The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2003; 37(4): 283–290.
    CrossRefPubMed
  130. GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators, GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018; 392(10152): 1015–1035.
    CrossRefPubMed
  131. Penson PE, Banach M. Natural compounds as anti-atherogenic agents: Clinical evidence for improved cardiovascular outcomes. Atherosclerosis. 2021; 316: 58–65.
    CrossRefPubMed
  132. Fogacci F, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Safety of red yeast rice supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2019; 143: 1–16.
    CrossRefPubMed
  133. Banach M, Katsiki N, Latkovskis G, et al. Postmarketing nutrivigilance safety profile: a line of dietary food supplements containing red yeast rice for dyslipidemia. Arch Med Sci. 2021; 17(4): 856–863.
    CrossRefPubMed
  134. Cicero AFG, Colletti A, Bajraktari G, et al. Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Arch Med Sci. 2017; 13(5): 965–1005.
    CrossRefPubMed
  135. Cicero AFG, Colletti A, Bajraktari G, et al. Lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Nutr Rev. 2017; 75(9): 731–767.
    CrossRefPubMed
  136. Banach M, Patti AM, Giglio RV, et al. International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72(1): 96–118.
    CrossRefPubMed
  137. Gylling H, Plat J, Turley S, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel on Phytosterols. Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2014; 232(2): 346–360.
    CrossRefPubMed
  138. Poli A, Barbagallo CM, Cicero AFG, et al. Nutraceuticals and functional foods for the control of plasma cholesterol levels. An intersociety position paper. Pharmacol Res. 2018; 134: 51–60.
    CrossRefPubMed
  139. Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Shekoohi N, et al. Dietary patterns, plasma vitamins and Trans fatty acids are associated with peripheral artery disease. Lipids Health Dis. 2017; 16(1): 254.
    CrossRefPubMed
  140. Averna M, Banach M, Bruckert E, et al. Practical guidance for combination lipid-modifying therapy in high- and very-high-risk patients: A statement from a European Atherosclerosis Society Task Force. Atherosclerosis. 2021; 325: 99–109.
    CrossRefPubMed
  141. Banach M, Bruckert E, Descamps OS, et al. The role of red yeast rice (RYR) supplementation in plasma cholesterol control: A review and expert opinion. Atheroscler Suppl. 2019; 39: e1–e8.
  142. Morze J, Osadnik T, Osadnik K, et al. Network Meta-Analysis on the Comparative Efficacy of Nutraceuticals on Lipid Profile. Circulation. 2019; 140: A13360.
  143. Momtazi AA, Banach M, Pirro M, et al. Regulation of PCSK9 by nutraceuticals. Pharmacol Res. 2017; 120: 157–169.
    CrossRefPubMed
  144. Stepaniak U, Micek A, Waśkiewicz A, et al. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and overweight among adults in Poland. Results of the WOBASZ II study (2013-2014) and comparison with the WOBASZ study (2003-2005). Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2016; 126(9): 662–671.
    CrossRefPubMed
  145. Hartley L, May MD, Loveman E, et al. Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016(1): CD011472.
    CrossRefPubMed
  146. Rivellese AA, Maffettone A, Vessby B, et al. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2003; 167(1): 149–158.
    CrossRefPubMed
  147. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. REDUCE-IT Investigators. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380(1): 11–22.
    CrossRefPubMed
  148. Moholdt T, Lavie CJ, Nauman J. Sustained Physical Activity, Not Weight Loss, Associated With Improved Survival in Coronary Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71(10): 1094–1101.
    CrossRefPubMed
  149. Toth PP, Banach M. Statins: Then and Now. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2019; 15(1): 23–31.
    CrossRefPubMed
  150. Shehab A, Elnour AA, Bhagavathula AS, et al. A Multicenter Prospective Hospital-based Cohort Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Pitavastatin. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2021; 17(7): 8–16.
    CrossRefPubMed
  151. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, et al. STELLAR Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003; 92(2): 152–160.
    CrossRefPubMed
  152. Banach M, Stulc T, Dent R, et al. Statin non-adherence and residual cardiovascular risk: There is need for substantial improvement. Int J Cardiol. 2016; 225: 184–196.
    CrossRefPubMed
  153. Banach M, Rizzo M, Toth PP, et al. Statin intolerance — an attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015; 14(6): 935–955.
    CrossRefPubMed
  154. Banach M, Rizzo M, Obradovic M, et al. PCSK9 inhibition - a novel mechanism to treat lipid disorders? Curr Pharm Des. 2013; 19(21): 3869–3877.
    CrossRefPubMed
  155. Mikhailidis DP, Lawson RW, McCormick AL, et al. Comparative efficacy of the addition of ezetimibe to statin vs statin titration in patients with hypercholesterolaemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011; 27(6): 1191–1210.
    CrossRefPubMed
  156. Banach M, Mikhailidis DP. Statin Intolerance: Some Practical Hints. Cardiol Clin. 2018; 36(2): 225–231.
    CrossRefPubMed
  157. Banach M, Penson PE, Fras Z, et al. FH Europe and the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Brief recommendations on the management of adult patients with familial hypercholesterolemia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacol Res. 2020; 158: 104891.
    CrossRefPubMed
  158. Banach M, Mikhailidis DP. Statin therapy and new-onset diabetes: an attempt at recommendations. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 8(3): 213–216.
    CrossRefPubMed
  159. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010; 376(9753): 1670–1681.
    CrossRefPubMed
  160. Howell KL, DeVita RJ, Garcia-Calvo M, et al. The target of ezetimibe is Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102(23): 8132–8137.
    CrossRefPubMed
  161. Knopp RH, Gitter H, Truitt T, et al. Ezetimibe Study Group. Effects of ezetimibe, a new cholesterol absorption inhibitor, on plasma lipids in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24(8): 729–741.
    CrossRefPubMed
  162. Simon JS, Karnoub MC, Devlin DJ, et al. Sequence variation in NPC1L1 and association with improved LDL-cholesterol lowering in response to ezetimibe treatment. Genomics. 2005; 86(6): 648–656.
    CrossRefPubMed
  163. Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al. Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90(10): 1092–1097.
    CrossRefPubMed
  164. Awad K, Mikhailidis DP, Katsiki N, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Effect of Ezetimibe Monotherapy on Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations in Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Drugs. 2018; 78(4): 453–462.
    CrossRefPubMed
  165. Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Pirro M, et al. Impact of ezetimibe on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations as monotherapy or in combination with statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1): 17887.
    CrossRefPubMed
  166. Tsimikas S, Gordts PL, Nora C, et al. Statin therapy increases lipoprotein(a) levels. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(24): 2275–2284.
    CrossRefPubMed
  167. Banach M, Penson PE. Statins and Lp(a): do not make perfect the enemy of excellent. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(1): 190–191.
    CrossRefPubMed
  168. Mikhailidis DP, Lawson RW, McCormick AL, et al. Comparative efficacy of the addition of ezetimibe to statin vs statin titration in patients with hypercholesterolaemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011; 27(6): 1191–1210.
    CrossRefPubMed
  169. Dyrbus K, Gasior M, Desperak P, et al. Characteristics of lipid profile and effectiveness of management of dyslipidaemia in patients with acute coronary syndromes - Data from the TERCET registry with 19,287 patients. Pharmacol Res. 2019; 139: 460–466.
    CrossRefPubMed
  170. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Lipid-lowering agents for concurrent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019; 20(16): 2007–2017.
    CrossRefPubMed
  171. Serban MC, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP. Clinical implications of the IMPROVE-IT trial in the light of current and future lipid-lowering treatment options. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016; 17(3): 369–380.
    CrossRefPubMed
  172. Bays H, Bays H, Dujovne C. Anti-obesity drug development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002; 11(9): 1189–1204.
    CrossRefPubMed
  173. Dragan S, Serban MC, Banach M. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 inhibitors: an emerging lipid-lowering therapy? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 20(2): 157–168.
    CrossRefPubMed
  174. Marques-Pinheiro A, Marduel M, Rabès JP, et al. French Research Network on ADH. Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Nat Genet. 2003; 34(2): 154–156.
    CrossRefPubMed
  175. Banach M, Rizzo M, Obradovic M, et al. PCSK9 inhibition - a novel mechanism to treat lipid disorders? Curr Pharm Des. 2013; 19(21): 3869–3877.
    CrossRefPubMed
  176. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376(18): 1713–1722.
    CrossRefPubMed
  177. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Committees and Investigators. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(22): 2097–2107.
    CrossRefPubMed
  178. Banach M, Penson PE. What have we learned about lipids and cardiovascular risk from PCSK9 inhibitor outcome trials: ODYSSEY and FOURIER? Cardiovasc Res. 2019; 115(3): e26–e31.
    CrossRefPubMed
  179. Koskinas KC, Windecker S, Pedrazzini G, et al. Evolocumab for Early Reduction of LDL Cholesterol Levels in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes (EVOPACS). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 74(20): 2452–2462.
    CrossRefPubMed
  180. Leucker TM, Blaha MJ, Jones SR, et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Atherogenic Lipoproteins During the Peri- and Early Postinfarction Period: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. Circulation. 2020; 142(4): 419–421.
    CrossRefPubMed
  181. Trankle CR, Wohlford G, Buckley LF, et al. Alirocumab in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the Virginia Commonwealth University Alirocumab Response Trial (VCU-AlirocRT). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2019; 74(3): 266–269.
    CrossRefPubMed
  182. Banach M, Rizzo M, Nikolic D, et al. Intensive LDL-cholesterol lowering therapy and neurocognitive function. Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 170: 181–191.
    CrossRefPubMed
  183. Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Bianconi V, et al. PCSK9 and neurocognitive function: Should it be still an issue after FOURIER and EBBINGHAUS results? J Clin Lipidol. 2018; 12(5): 1123–1132.
    CrossRefPubMed
  184. Giugliano RP, Mach F, Zavitz K, et al. Cognitive Function in a Randomized Trial of Evolocumab. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(7): 633–643.
    CrossRefPubMed
  185. Nikolic D, Castellino G, Banach M, et al. PPAR Agonists, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk. Curr Pharm Des. 2017; 23(6): 894–902.
    CrossRefPubMed
  186. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366(9500): 1849–1861.
    CrossRefPubMed
  187. Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al. ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362(17): 1563–1574.
    CrossRefPubMed
  188. Elam MB, Ginsberg HN, Lovato LC, et al. ACCORDION Study Investigators. Association of Fenofibrate Therapy With Long-term Cardiovascular Risk in Statin-Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Cardiol. 2017; 2(4): 370–380.
    CrossRefPubMed
  189. Klempfner R, Erez A, Sagit BZ, et al. Elevated Triglyceride Level Is Independently Associated With Increased All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Established Coronary Heart Disease: Twenty-Two-Year Follow-Up of the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study and Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2016; 9(2): 100–108.
    CrossRefPubMed
  190. Araki E, Yamashita S, Arai H, et al. Efficacy and safety of pemafibrate in people with type 2 diabetes and elevated triglyceride levels: 52-week data from the PROVIDE study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019; 21(7): 1737–1744.
    CrossRefPubMed
  191. Pradhan AD, Paynter NP, Everett BM, et al. Rationale and design of the Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Outcomes by Reducing Triglycerides in Patients with Diabetes (PROMINENT) study. Am Heart J. 2018; 206: 80–93.
    CrossRefPubMed
  192. Budoff MJ, Muhlestein JB, Bhatt DL, et al. Effect of icosapent ethyl on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with elevated triglycerides on statin therapy: a prospective, placebo-controlled randomized trial (EVAPORATE): interim results. Cardiovasc Res. 2021; 117(4): 1070–1077.
    CrossRefPubMed
  193. Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, et al. Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. N Engl J Med. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380(1): 23–32.
    CrossRefPubMed
  194. Nicholls SJ, Lincoff AM, Garcia M, et al. Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: The STRENGTH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020; 324(22): 2268–2280.
    CrossRefPubMed
  195. Mazidi M, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With 127, 447 Individuals and a Mendelian Randomization Study. Circulation. 2019; 140: e965–e1011, 20948.
  196. Tadic M, Sala C, Grassi G, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Artery Disease: More Questions Than Answers. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(11).
    CrossRefPubMed
  197. Ooi CP, Loke SC. Colesevelam for Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane review. Diabet Med. 2014; 31(1): 2–14.
    CrossRefPubMed
  198. Grover SA, Abrahamowicz M, Joseph L, et al. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984; 251(3): 351–364.
    CrossRefPubMed
  199. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Results of 6 years of post-trial follow-up. The Lipid Research Clinics Investigators. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152(7): 1399–1410.
    PubMed
  200. He L, Wickremasingha P, Lee J, et al. Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 104(3): 401–409.
    CrossRefPubMed
  201. Kamanna V, Kashyap M. Mechanism of Action of Niacin. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101(8): 20B–26B.
    CrossRefPubMed
  202. Bruckert E, Labreuche J, Amarenco P. Meta-analysis of the effect of nicotinic acid alone or in combination on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 210(2): 353–361.
    CrossRefPubMed
  203. Pikto Pietkiewicz I, Boden WE, Probstfield JL, et al. AIM-HIGH Investigators. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(24): 2255–2267.
    CrossRefPubMed
  204. Landray MJ, Haynes R, Hopewell JC, et al. HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(3): 203–212.
    CrossRefPubMed
  205. De Ba, Jankowski P, Kotseva K, et al. EUROASPIRE V collaborators. Management of dyslipidaemia in patients with coronary heart disease: Results from the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V survey in 27 countries. Atherosclerosis. 2019; 285: 135–146.
    CrossRefPubMed
  206. Baumgartner A, Drame K, Geutjens S, et al. Does the Polypill Improve Patient Adherence Compared to Its Individual Formulations? A Systematic Review. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12(2).
    CrossRefPubMed
  207. Selak V, Webster R, Stepien S, et al. Reaching cardiovascular prevention guideline targets with a polypill-based approach: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Heart. 2019; 105(1): 42–48.
    CrossRefPubMed
  208. Katzmann JL, Sorio-Vilela F, Dornstauder E, et al. Non-statin lipid-lowering therapy over time in very-high-risk patients: effectiveness of fixed-dose statin/ezetimibe compared to separate pill combination on LDL-C. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020 [Epub ahead of print].
    CrossRefPubMed
  209. Pappa E, Rizos CV, Filippatos TD, et al. Emerging Fixed-Dose Combination Treatments for Hyperlipidemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2019; 24(4): 315–322.
    CrossRefPubMed
  210. Ballantyne CM, Laufs U, Ray KK, et al. Bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe fixed-dose combination in patients with hypercholesterolemia and high CVD risk treated with maximally tolerated statin therapy. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020; 27(6): 593–603.
    CrossRefPubMed
  211. Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, et al. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(1): 99–109c.
    CrossRefPubMed
  212. Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Corral P, Schreier L, et al. Triglycerides and residual risk. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2020; 27(2): 95–103.
    CrossRefPubMed
  213. Gallo A, Béliard S, D'Erasmo L, et al. Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS): Recent Data on Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020; 22(11): 63.
    CrossRefPubMed
  214. Chait A, Brunzell JD. Chylomicronemia syndrome. Adv Intern Med. 1992; 37: 249–273.
    PubMed
  215. Witztum J, Gaudet D, Freedman S, et al. Volanesorsen and Triglyceride Levels in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome. New Engl J Med. 2019; 381(6): 531–542.
    CrossRefPubMed
  216. Ruscica M, Banach M, Sahebkar A, et al. ETC-1002 (Bempedoic acid) for the management of hyperlipidemia: from preclinical studies to phase 3 trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019; 20(7): 791–803.
    CrossRefPubMed
  217. Ballantyne CM, Banach M, Mancini GB, et al. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid added to ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients with hypercholesterolemia: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2018; 277: 195–203.
    CrossRefPubMed
  218. Ray KK, Bays HE, Catapano AL, et al. CLEAR Harmony Trial. Safety and Efficacy of Bempedoic Acid to Reduce LDL Cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380(11): 1022–1032.
    CrossRefPubMed
  219. Laufs U, Banach M, Mancini GB, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Bempedoic Acid in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia and Statin Intolerance. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019; 8(7): e011662.
    CrossRefPubMed
  220. Goldberg AC, Leiter LA, Stroes ESG, et al. Effect of Bempedoic Acid vs Placebo Added to Maximally Tolerated Statins on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: The CLEAR Wisdom Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019; 322(18): 1780–1788.
    CrossRefPubMed
  221. Banach M, Duell PB, Gotto AM, et al. Association of Bempedoic Acid Administration With Atherogenic Lipid Levels in Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials of Patients With Hypercholesterolemia. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5(10): 1124–1135.
    CrossRefPubMed
  222. Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Hernandez AV, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group and the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020; 17(7): e1003121.
    CrossRefPubMed
  223. Banach M, Penson PE. Lipid-lowering therapies: Better together. Atherosclerosis. 2021; 320: 86–88.
    CrossRefPubMed
  224. Dyrbuś K, Gąsior M, Penson P, et al. Inclisiran-New hope in the management of lipid disorders? J Clin Lipidol. 2020; 14(1): 16–27.
    CrossRefPubMed
  225. Kosmas CE, Muñoz Estrella A, Skavdis A, et al. Inclisiran for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: A Short Review on the Emerging Data and Therapeutic Potential. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2020; 16: 1031–1037.
    CrossRefPubMed
  226. Ciccarelli G, D'Elia S, De Paulis M, et al. Lipid Target in Very High-Risk Cardiovascular Patients: Lesson from PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibodies. Diseases. 2018; 6(1).
    CrossRefPubMed
  227. Raal FJ, Kallend D, Ray KK, et al. ORION-9 Investigators. Inclisiran for the Treatment of Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(16): 1520–1530.
    CrossRefPubMed
  228. Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, et al. ORION-10 and ORION-11 Investigators. Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(16): 1507–1519.
    CrossRefPubMed
  229. Khan SA, Naz A, Qamar Masood M, et al. Meta-Analysis of Inclisiran for the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2020; 134: 69–73.
    CrossRefPubMed
  230. Cordero A, Santos-Gallego CG, Fácila L, et al. Estimation of the major cardiovascular events prevention with Inclisiran. Atherosclerosis. 2020; 313: 76–80.
    CrossRefPubMed
  231. Nikolic D, Rizzo M, Mikhailidis DP, et al. An evaluation of RVX-208 for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015; 24(10): 1389–1398.
    CrossRefPubMed
  232. Nicholls SJ, Ray KK, Johansson JO, et al. Selective BET Protein Inhibition with Apabetalone and Cardiovascular Events: A Pooled Analysis of Trials in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2018; 18(2): 109–115.
    CrossRefPubMed
  233. Ray KK, Nicholls SJ, Buhr KA, et al. BETonMACE Investigators and Committees. Effect of Apabetalone Added to Standard Therapy on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020; 323(16): 1565–1573.
    CrossRefPubMed
  234. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Schwartz GG, Nicholls SJ, et al. BETonMACE Investigators. Effect of Apabetalone on Cardiovascular Events in Diabetes, CKD, and Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome: Results from the BETonMACE Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021; 16(5): 705–716.
    CrossRefPubMed
  235. Rocha NA, East C, Zhang J, et al. ApoCIII as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Modulation by the Novel Lipid-Lowering Agent Volanesorsen. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2017; 19(12): 62.
    CrossRefPubMed
  236. Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Katsiki N, et al. Effect of fenofibrate on plasma apolipoprotein C-III levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2019; 8(11): e021508.
    CrossRefPubMed
  237. Gouni-Berthold I, Alexander V, Digenio A, et al. Apolipoprotein C-III inhibition with volanesorsen in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (COMPASS): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis Suppl. 2017; 28: e1–e2.
    CrossRef
  238. Witztum JL, Gaudet D, Freedman SD, et al. Volanesorsen and Triglyceride Levels in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(6): 531–542.
    CrossRefPubMed
  239. Gouni-Berthold I, Alexander V, Yang Q, et al. Efficacy and safety of volanesorsen in patients with multifactorial chylomicronaemia (COMPASS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diab Endocrinol. 2021; 9(5): 264–275.
    CrossRefPubMed
  240. Raal FJ, Rosenson RS, Reeskamp LF, et al. ELIPSE HoFH Investigators. Evinacumab for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(8): 711–720.
    CrossRefPubMed
  241. Rosenson RS, Burgess LJ, Ebenbichler CF, et al. Evinacumab in Patients with Refractory Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(24): 2307–2319.
    CrossRefPubMed
  242. Ahmad Z, Pordy R, Rader DJ, et al. Inhibition of Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 With Evinacumab in Subjects With High and Severe Hypertriglyceridemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021; 78(2): 193–195.
    CrossRefPubMed
  243. Miname MH, Rocha VZ, Santos RD. The Role of RNA-Targeted Therapeutics to Reduce ASCVD Risk: What Have We Learned Recently? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021; 23(8): 40.
    CrossRefPubMed
  244. Gaudet D, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Baum SJ, et al. Vupanorsen Study Investigators. Vupanorsen, an N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to ANGPTL3 mRNA, lowers triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins in patients with diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(40): 3936–3945.
    CrossRefPubMed
  245. Parham JS, Goldberg AC. Mipomersen and its use in familial hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019; 20(2): 127–131.
    CrossRefPubMed
  246. Shah NP, Pajidipati NJ, McGarrah RW, et al. Lipoprotein (a): An Update on a Marker of Residual Risk and Associated Clinical Manifestations. Am J Cardiol. 2020; 126: 94–102.
    CrossRefPubMed
  247. Gencer B, Mach F. Potential of Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering Strategies in Treating Coronary Artery Disease. Drugs. 2020; 80(3): 229–239.
    CrossRefPubMed
  248. O'Donoghue ML, Morrow DA, Tsimikas S, et al. Lipoprotein(a) for risk assessment in patients with established coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63(6): 520–527.
    CrossRefPubMed
  249. Wilson DP, Jacobson TA, Jones PH, et al. Use of Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: A biomarker whose time has come. A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2019; 13(3): 374–398.
    CrossRefPubMed
  250. Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Lipoprotein(a): is it more, less or equal to LDL as a causal factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality? Curr Opin Lipidol. 2020; 31(3): 125–131.
    PubMed
  251. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol. Circulation. 2019; 139: e1082–e1143.
    CrossRefPubMed
  252. O'Donoghue ML, Fazio S, Giugliano RP, et al. Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 Inhibition, and Cardiovascular Risk. Circulation. 2019; 139(12): 1483–1492.
    CrossRefPubMed
  253. Bittner V, Szarek M, Aylward P, et al. Lipoprotein(a) lowering by alirocumab contributes to event reduction independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75: 133–144.
    CrossRefPubMed
  254. Szarek M, Bittner VA, Aylward P, et al. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Investigators. Lipoprotein(a) lowering by alirocumab reduces the total burden of cardiovascular events independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(44): 4245–4255.
    CrossRefPubMed
  255. Burgess S, Ference BA, Staley JR, et al. European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition–Cardiovascular Disease (EPIC-CVD) Consortium. Association of LPA Variants With Risk of Coronary Disease and the Implications for Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering Therapies: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2018; 3(7): 619–627.
    CrossRefPubMed
  256. Araszkiewicz A, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E, Budzyński A, et al. 2020 Guidelines on the management of diabetic patients. A position of Diabetes Poland. Clin Diabetol. 2020; 9(1): 1–101.
  257. Seferović P, Coats A, Ponikowski P, et al. European Society of Cardiology/Heart Failure Association position paper on the role and safety of new glucose‐lowering drugs in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020; 22(2): 196–213.
    CrossRefPubMed
  258. Cuchel M, Bruckert E, Ginsberg HN, et al. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia of the European Atheroslcerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(32): 2146–2157.
    CrossRefPubMed
  259. Stefanutti C, Julius U. Lipoprotein apheresis: state of the art and novelties. Atheroscler Suppl. 2013; 14(1): 19–27.
    CrossRefPubMed
  260. Schuff-Werner P, Fenger S, Kohlschein P. Role of lipid apheresis in changing times. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2012; 7: 7–14.
    CrossRefPubMed
  261. Thompson GR. HEART-UK LDL Apheresis Working Group. Recommendations for the use of LDL apheresis. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 198(2): 247–255.
    CrossRefPubMed
  262. Harada-Shiba M, Ako J, Arai H, et al. Guidelines for the management of familial hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012; 19(12): 1043–1060.
    CrossRefPubMed
  263. Goldberg AC, Hopkins PN, Toth PP, et al. National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Familial hypercholesterolemia: screening, diagnosis and management of pediatric and adult patients: clinical guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011; 5(3 Suppl): S1–S8.
    CrossRefPubMed
  264. Cuchel M, Bruckert E, Ginsberg HN, et al. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(32): 2146–2157.
    CrossRefPubMed
  265. Raal F, Honarpour N, Blom D, et al. Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (TESLA Part B): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015; 385(9965): 341–350.
    CrossRefPubMed
  266. Raal FJ, Hovingh GK, Blom D, et al. Long-term treatment with evolocumab added to conventional drug therapy, with or without apheresis, in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: an interim subset analysis of the open-label TAUSSIG study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 5(4): 280–290.
    CrossRefPubMed
  267. Moriarty PM, Parhofer KG, Babirak SP, et al. Alirocumab in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia undergoing lipoprotein apheresis: the ODYSSEY ESCAPE trial. Eur Heart J. 2016; 37(48): 3588–3595.
    CrossRefPubMed
  268. https://ptnefro.pl/index.php/sekcje_i_grupy_robocze.
  269. Rawla P, Sunkara T, Thandra KC, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis: updated review of current treatment and preventive strategies. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2018; 11(6): 441–448.
    CrossRefPubMed
  270. Ewald N, Hardt PD, Kloer HU. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis: presentation and management. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009; 20(6): 497–504.
    CrossRefPubMed
  271. Song X, Shi Di, Cui Q, et al. Intensive insulin therapy versus plasmapheresis in the management of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (Bi-TPAI trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2019; 20(1): 365.
    CrossRefPubMed
  272. Schettler VJJ, Neumann CL, Peter C, et al. Scientific Board of GLAR for the German Apheresis Working Group. Lipoprotein apheresis is an optimal therapeutic option to reduce increased Lp(a) levels. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2019; 14(Suppl 1): 33–38.
    CrossRefPubMed
  273. Schettler VJJ, Neumann CL, Peter C, et al. Scientific Board of GLAR for the German Apheresis Working Group. The German Lipoprotein Apheresis Registry (GLAR) — almost 5 years on. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2017; 12(Suppl 1): 44–49.
    CrossRefPubMed
  274. Vogt A. Lipoprotein(a)-apheresis in the light of new drug developments. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017; 30: 38–43.
    CrossRefPubMed
  275. Bianconi V, Banach M, Pirro M, et al. International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Why patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are at high cardiovascular risk? Beyond LDL-C levels. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021; 31(4): 205–215.
    CrossRefPubMed
  276. Beheshti SO, Madsen CM, Varbo A, et al. Worldwide Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Meta-Analyses of 11 Million Subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75(20): 2553–2566.
    CrossRefPubMed
  277. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(45): 3478–90a.
    CrossRefPubMed
  278. Chlebus K, Cybulska B, Gruchała M, et al. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia in outpatient practices in Poland. Kardiol Pol. 2018; 76(6): 960–967.
    CrossRefPubMed
  279. Pajak A, Szafraniec K, Polak M, et al. Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of six large, observational, population-based studies in Poland. Arch Med Sci. 2016; 12(4): 687–696.
    CrossRefPubMed
  280. Banach M, Wojtowicz E, Mastej M, et al. LIPIDOGRAM studies. Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in Poland in the LIPIDOGRAM2004 and 2006 population-based surveys. Eur Heart J. 2017; 98(Suppl 1): P5304.
  281. Leigh SEA, Foster AH, Whittall RA, et al. Update and analysis of the University College London low density lipoprotein receptor familial hypercholesterolemia database. Ann Hum Genet. 2008; 72(Pt 4): 485–498.
    CrossRefPubMed
  282. Trinder M, Francis GA, Brunham LR. Association of Monogenic vs Polygenic Hypercholesterolemia With Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5(4): 390–399.
    CrossRefPubMed
  283. Brown EE, Sturm AC, Cuchel M, et al. Genetic testing in dyslipidemia: A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2020; 14(4): 398–413.
    CrossRefPubMed
  284. Thompson GR, Blom DJ, Marais AD, et al. Survival in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia is determined by the on-treatment level of serum cholesterol. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(14): 1162–1168.
    CrossRefPubMed
  285. de Ferranti SD, Rodday AM, Mendelson MM, et al. Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Circulation. 2016; 133(11): 1067–1072.
    CrossRefPubMed
  286. Myśliwiec M, Walczak M, Małecka-Tendera E, et al. Management of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Position paper of the Polish Lipid Expert Forum. J Clin Lipidol. 2014; 8(2): 173–180.
    CrossRefPubMed
  287. Lewek J, Konopka A, Starostecka E, et al. Clinical features of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adults in EAS-FHSC Regional Centre for Rare Diseases in Poland. J Clin Med. 2021; [ahead of print].
  288. Blom DJ, Harada-Shiba M, Rubba P, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Adults With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: The ODYSSEY HoFH Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76(2): 131–142.
    CrossRefPubMed
  289. Blom DJ, Cuchel M, Ager M, et al. Target achievement and cardiovascular event rates with Lomitapide in homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2018; 13(1): 96.
    CrossRefPubMed
  290. Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, et al. Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376(15): 1407–1418.
    CrossRefPubMed
  291. Olesen KKW, Madsen M, Egholm G, et al. Patients With Diabetes Without Significant Angiographic Coronary Artery Disease Have the Same Risk of Myocardial Infarction as Patients Without Diabetes in a Real-World Population Receiving Appropriate Prophylactic Treatment. Diabetes Care. 2017; 40(8): 1103–1110.
    CrossRefPubMed
  292. Katsiki N, Banach M, Mikhailidis D. Is type 2 diabetes mellitus a coronary heart disease equivalent or not? Do not just enjoy the debate and forget the patient! Arch Med Sci. 2019; 15(6): 1357–1364.
    CrossRefPubMed
  293. Taskinen MR, Borén J. New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2015; 239(2): 483–495.
    CrossRefPubMed
  294. Cieluch A, Uruska A, Grzelka-Woźniak A, et al. Changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and the ratio of triglycerides to HDL-C during the first year of type 1 diabetes. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2019; 129(9): 598–604.
    CrossRefPubMed
  295. Annuzzi G, Iovine C, Mandarino B, et al. Effect of acute exogenous hyperinsulinaemia on very low density lipoprotein subfraction composition in normal subjects. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001; 31(2): 118–124.
    CrossRefPubMed
  296. Fendler W, Rizzo M, Borowiec M, et al. Less but better: cardioprotective lipid profile of patients with GCK-MODY despite lower HDL cholesterol level. Acta Diabetol. 2014; 51(4): 625–632.
    CrossRefPubMed
  297. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(25): 2387–2397.
    CrossRefPubMed
  298. Sabatine M, Leiter L, Wiviott S, et al. Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab in patients with and without diabetes and the effect of evolocumab on glycaemia and risk of new-onset diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the FOURIER randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 5(12): 941–950.
    CrossRefPubMed
  299. Ray KK, Colhoun HM, Szarek M, et al. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Committees and Investigators. Effects of alirocumab on cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes after acute coronary syndrome in patients with or without diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019; 7(8): 618–628.
    CrossRefPubMed
  300. Niklas A, Marcinkowska J, Kozela M, et al. Blood pressure and cholesterol control in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: the results from the Polish multicenter national health survey WOBASZ II. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2019; 129(12): 864–873.
    CrossRefPubMed
  301. Tykarski A, Filipiak K, Januszewicz A, et al. 2019 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension — Part 1–7. Arterial Hypertens. 2019; 23(2): 41–87.
    CrossRef
  302. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. Authors/Task Force Members:, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(33): 3021–3104.
    CrossRefPubMed
  303. Gupta AK, Arshad S, Poulter NR. Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2010; 55(2): 399–407.
    CrossRefPubMed
  304. Dobrowolski P, Klisiewicz A, Florczak E, et al. Independent association of obstructive sleep apnea with left ventricular geometry and systolic function in resistant hypertension: the RESIST-POL study. Sleep Med. 2014; 15(11): 1302–1308.
    CrossRefPubMed
  305. Prejbisz A, Dobrowolski P, Kosiński P, et al. Management of hypertension in pregnancy: prevention, diagnosis, treatment and long‑term prognosis. Kardiol Pol. 2019; 77(7-8): 757–806.
    CrossRefPubMed
  306. Tykarski A, Filipiak K, Januszewicz A, et al. 2019 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension — Part 8–9. Arterial Hypertension. 2019; 23(4): 203–239.
    CrossRef
  307. Awad K, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Efficacy and Safety of Alternate-Day Versus Daily Dosing of Statins: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017; 31(4): 419–431.
    CrossRefPubMed
  308. Bonaca MP, Nault P, Giugliano RP, et al. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering With Evolocumab and Outcomes in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk). Circulation. 2018; 137(4): 338–350.
    CrossRefPubMed
  309. Nissen SE, Stroes E, Dent-Acosta RE, et al. GAUSS-3 Investigators. Efficacy and Tolerability of Evolocumab vs Ezetimibe in Patients With Muscle-Related Statin Intolerance: The GAUSS-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016; 315(15): 1580–1590.
    CrossRefPubMed
  310. Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Bianconi V, et al. PCSK9 and neurocognitive function: Should it be still an issue after FOURIER and EBBINGHAUS results? J Clin Lipidol. 2018; 12(5): 1123–1132.
    CrossRefPubMed
  311. Mendieta G, Ben-Aicha S, Gutiérrez M, et al. Intravenous Statin Administration During Myocardial Infarction Compared With Oral Post-Infarct Administration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75(12): 1386–1402.
    CrossRefPubMed
  312. Dyrbus K, Gasior M, Witkowski A, et al. Opinie i Stanowiska Ekspertów: Leczenie zaburzeń lipidowych u chorych z przewlekłym zespołem wieńcowym i z ostrym zespołem wieńcowym. Kardiol Pol. 2020; 5(Zeszyty Edukacyjne): 98–132.
  313. Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(1): CD004816.
    CrossRefPubMed
  314. Aung PP, Maxwell HG, Jepson RG, et al. Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4): CD000123.
    CrossRefPubMed
  315. Szarek M, Steg PhG, DiCenso D, et al. Alirocumab Reduces Total Hospitalizations and Increases Days Alive and Out of Hospital in the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019; 12(11): e005858.
    CrossRefPubMed
  316. Awad K, Mohammed M, Zaki MM, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group and the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Association of statin use in older people primary prevention group with risk of cardiovascular events and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Med. 2021; 19(1): 139.
    CrossRefPubMed
  317. Banach M, Shekoohi N, Mikhailidis D, et al. Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Lipid Lowering Agents And The Risk Of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis Of Observational Studies And Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 75(11_Suppl 1): 2080.
    CrossRef
  318. Preiss D, Campbell RT, Murray HM, et al. The effect of statin therapy on heart failure events: a collaborative meta-analysis of unpublished data from major randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2015; 36(24): 1536–1546.
    CrossRefPubMed
  319. Liu G, Zheng XX, Xu YL, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of statins on mortality in patients with preserved ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2014; 113(7): 1198–1204.
    CrossRefPubMed
  320. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Bytyçi I, Von Haehling S, et al. Association of statin use and clinical outcomes in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2019; 18(1): 188.
    CrossRefPubMed
  321. Deo SV, Rababa'h A, Altarabsheh SE, et al. Statin therapy improves long-term survival in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a pooled analysis of 4500 patients. Heart Lung Circ. 2014; 23(10): 985–987.
    CrossRefPubMed
  322. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Gissi-HF Investigators. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008; 372(9645): 1231–1239.
    CrossRefPubMed
  323. Al-Gobari M, Le HH, Fall M, et al. No benefits of statins for sudden cardiac death prevention in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2017; 12(2): e0171168.
    CrossRefPubMed
  324. Bonsu KO, Reidpath DD, Kadirvelu A. Lipophilic Statin Versus Rosuvastatin (Hydrophilic) Treatment for Heart Failure: a Meta-Analysis and Adjusted Indirect Comparison of Randomised Trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2016; 30(2): 177–188.
    CrossRefPubMed
  325. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. GISSI HF Investigators. Effect of n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI HF trial): a ran domised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2008; 372(9645): 1223–1230.
    CrossRefPubMed
  326. Banach M. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group. Statins in patients with chronic kidney disease — an attempt at recommendations. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013; 29(11): 1419–1422.
    CrossRefPubMed
  327. Tonelli M, Muntner P, Lloyd A, et al. Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Association between LDL-C and risk of myocardial infarction in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013; 24(6): 979–986.
    CrossRefPubMed
  328. Herrington W, Emberson J, Mihaylova B, et al. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4(10): 829–839.
    CrossRefPubMed
  329. Barylski M, Nikfar S, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group. Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy--a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants. Pharmacol Res. 2013; 72: 35–44.
    CrossRefPubMed
  330. Nikolic D, Nikfar S, Salari P, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group. Effects of statins on lipid profile in chronic kidney disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013; 29(5): 435–451.
    CrossRefPubMed
  331. Nikolic D, Banach M, Nikfar S, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group. A meta-analysis of the role of statins on renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Is the duration of therapy important? Int J Cardiol. 2013; 168(6): 5437–5447.
    CrossRefPubMed
  332. Ferro CJ, Mark PB, Kanbay M, et al. Lipid management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018; 14(12): 727–749.
    CrossRefPubMed
  333. Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(1): CD005019.
    CrossRefPubMed
  334. Lin YC, Lai TS, Wu HY, et al. Effects and Safety of Statin and Ezetimibe Combination Therapy in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 108(4): 833–843.
    CrossRefPubMed
  335. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. SHARP Investigators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011; 377(9784): 2181–2192.
    CrossRefPubMed
  336. Jun M, Zhu B, Tonelli M, et al. Effects of fibrates in kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012; 60(20): 2061–2071.
    CrossRefPubMed
  337. Charytan DM, Sabatine MS, Pedersen TR, et al. FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Evolocumab in Chronic Kidney Disease in the FOURIER Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73(23): 2961–2970.
    CrossRefPubMed
  338. Toth PP, Dwyer JP, Cannon CP, et al. Efficacy and safety of lipid lowering by alirocumab in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2018; 93(6): 1397–1408.
    CrossRefPubMed
  339. Wright RS, Collins MG, Stoekenbroek RM, et al. Effects of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety of Inclisiran: An Analysis of the ORION-7 and ORION-1 Studies. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95(1): 77–89.
    CrossRefPubMed
  340. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2014; 85: 1303–1309.
  341. de Zeeuw D, Anzalone DA, Cain VA, et al. Renal effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in patients with diabetes who have progressive renal disease (PLANET I): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015; 3(3): 181–190.
    CrossRefPubMed
  342. Herrera-Gómez F, Chimeno MM, Martín-García D, et al. Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment in Chronic Kidney Disease: Multistage Pairwise and Network Meta-Analyses. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 8951.
    CrossRefPubMed
  343. Cybulska B, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L. Komentarz do artykułu „Ocena skuteczności i bezpieczeństwa stosowania statyn u dzieci chorych na rodzinną hipercholesterolemię”. Medycyna Praktyczna 2016. http://www.mp.pl/artykuly/26863 (30 czerwca 2016).
  344. Myśliwiec M, Walczak M, Małecka-Tendera E, et al. Management of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Position paper of the Polish Lipid Expert Forum. J Clin Lipidol. 2014; 8(2): 173–180.
    CrossRefPubMed
  345. Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Bednarski A, Drożdż D, et al. Prewencja miażdżycy u dzieci — rola statyn i kwasu acetylosalicylowego. Przegl Lek. 2013; 70(2): 57–64.
  346. Ramaswami U, Humphries SE, Priestley-Barnham L, et al. Current management of children and young people with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia — HEART UK statement of care. Atherosclerosis. 2019; 290: 1–8.
    CrossRefPubMed
  347. Peterson AL, McBride PE. A review of guidelines for dyslipidemia in children and adolescents. WMJ. 2012; 111(6): 274–274.
    CrossRefPubMed
  348. Niinikoski H, Viikari J, Rönnemaa T, et al. Prospective randomized trial of low-saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet during the first 3 years of life. The STRIP baby project. Circulation. 1996; 94(6): 1386–1393.
    CrossRefPubMed
  349. Perk J, De Ba, Gohlke H, et al. Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice; European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012): The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Atherosclerosis. 2012; 223(1): 1–68.
    CrossRefPubMed
  350. Goldwire M. Screening and Treatment of Pediatric Dyslipidemias. US Pharm. 2014; 39(5): 52–56.
  351. Obarzanek E, Kimm SY, Barton BA, et al. DISC Collaborative Research Group. Long-term safety and efficacy of a cholesterol-lowering diet in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: seven-year results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). Pediatrics. 2001; 107(2): 256–264.
    CrossRefPubMed
  352. Cameron C, Craig CL, Bull FC, et al. Canada's physical activity guides: has their release had an impact? Can J Public Health. 2007; 98 Suppl 2: S161–S169.
    PubMed
  353. Lamaida N, Capuano E, Pinto L, et al. The safety of statins in children. Acta Paediatr. 2013; 102(9): 857–862.
    CrossRefPubMed
  354. Vuorio A, Kuoppala J, Kovanen PT, et al. Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(7): CD006401.
    CrossRefPubMed
  355. Raal FJ, Braamskamp MJ, Selvey SL, et al. Pediatric experience with mipomersen as adjunctive therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2016; 10(4): 860–869.
    CrossRefPubMed
  356. Daniels S, Caprio S, Chaudhari U, et al. PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab in pediatric patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: The ODYSSEY KIDS study. J Clin Lipidol. 2020; 14(3): 322–330.e5.
    CrossRefPubMed
  357. Santos RD, Ruzza A, Hovingh GK, et al. HAUSER-RCT Investigators. Evolocumab in Pediatric Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(14): 1317–1327.
    CrossRefPubMed
  358. Elkins C, Fruh S, Jones L, et al. Clinical Practice Recommendations for Pediatric Dyslipidemia. J Pediatr Health Care. 2019; 33(4): 494–504.
    CrossRefPubMed
  359. Ashraf AP, Sunil B, Bamba V, et al. Primary hypertriglyceridemia in children and adolescents. J Clin Lipidol. 2015; 9(5 Suppl): S20–S28.
    CrossRefPubMed
  360. Shah AS, Wilson DP. Genetic Disorders Causing Hypertriglyceridemia in Children and Adolescents. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL. ed. Endotext [Internet]. MDText.com, South Dartmouth (MA) 2020: Jan.
  361. Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, et al. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007; 370(9602): 1829–1839.
    CrossRefPubMed
  362. Reiner Z. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with statins in the elderly. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014; 16(7): 420.
    CrossRefPubMed
  363. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2019; 393(10170): 407–415.
    CrossRefPubMed
  364. Gencer B, Marston NA, Im K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020; 396(10263): 1637–1643.
    CrossRefPubMed
  365. Awad K, Mohammed M, Zaki MM, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group and the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Association of statin use in older people primary prevention group with risk of cardiovascular events and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Med. 2021; 19(1): 139.
    CrossRefPubMed
  366. Cybulska B, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L. Czy warto leczyć hiperlipidemię u ludzi starszych. In: Cybulska B, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L. ed. Zaburzenia lipidowe. Termedia, Poznań 2010: 171–184.
  367. Peters MJL, Symmons DPM, McCarey D, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69(2): 325–331.
    CrossRefPubMed
  368. Gladman DD, Ang M, Su L, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009; 68(7): 1131–1135.
    CrossRefPubMed
  369. Liao KP, Playford MP, Frits M, et al. The association between reduction in inflammation and changes in lipoprotein levels and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015; 4(2).
    CrossRefPubMed
  370. Maierean SM, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, et al. The potential role of statins in preeclampsia and dyslipidemia during gestation: a narrative review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018; 27(5): 427–435.
    CrossRefPubMed
  371. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(34): 3165–3241.
    CrossRefPubMed
  372. Vahedian-Azimi A, Makvandi S, Banach M, et al. Fetal toxicity associated with statins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2021; 327: 59–67.
    CrossRefPubMed
  373. Botha TC, Pilcher GJ, Wolmarans K, et al. Statins and other lipid-lowering therapy and pregnancy outcomes in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: A retrospective review of 39 pregnancies. Atherosclerosis. 2018; 277: 502–507.
    CrossRefPubMed
  374. Döbert M, Varouxaki AN, Mu AnC, et al. Pravastatin Versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk of Term Preeclampsia. Circulation. 2021; 144(9): 670–679.
    CrossRefPubMed
  375. World Alzheimer Report 2019: Attitudes to dementia. https://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report-2019.
  376. Chu CS, Tseng PT, Stubbs B, et al. Use of statins and the risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1): 5804.
    CrossRefPubMed
  377. Zhang X, Wen J, Zhang Z. Statins use and risk of dementia: A dose-response meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97(30): e11304.
    CrossRefPubMed
  378. Kuang ZM. Effect of Combined Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Therapies on Cognitive Function: A New Treatment Strategy? Cardiol Res Pract. 2020; 2020: 1484357.
    CrossRefPubMed
  379. Banach M, Rizzo M, Nikolic D, et al. Intensive LDL-cholesterol lowering therapy and neurocognitive function. Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 170: 181–191.
    CrossRefPubMed
  380. Giugliano RP, Mach F, Zavitz K, et al. EBBINGHAUS Investigators. Cognitive Function in a Randomized Trial of Evolocumab. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(7): 633–643.
    CrossRefPubMed
  381. Abifadel M, Elbitar S, El Khoury P, et al. Living the PCSK9 adventure: from the identification of a new gene in familial hypercholesterolemia towards a potential new class of anticholesterol drugs. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014; 16(9): 439.
    CrossRefPubMed
  382. Marchi C, Adorni MP, Caffarra P, et al. ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity of cerebrospinal fluid is impaired in Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res. 2019; 60(8): 1449–1456.
    CrossRefPubMed
  383. Lai SW, Liao KF, Lai HC, et al. Statin use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013; 28(6): 485–492.
    CrossRefPubMed
  384. Vahedian-Azimi A, Shojaie S, Banach M, et al. Statin therapy in chronic viral hepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine studies with 195,602 participants. Ann Med. 2021; 53(1): 1227–1242.
    CrossRefPubMed
  385. Banach M, Serban MC. Discussion around statin discontinuation in older adults and patients with wasting diseases. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016; 7(4): 396–399.
    CrossRefPubMed
  386. Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH, et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(5): 691–700.
    CrossRefPubMed
  387. Tjia J, Kutner JS, Ritchie CS, et al. Perceptions of Statin Discontinuation among Patients with Life-Limiting Illness. J Palliat Med. 2017; 20(10): 1098–1103.
    CrossRefPubMed
  388. Melzi S, Carenzi L, Cossu MV, et al. Lipid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-1 Infection and HAART: Present and Future Problems. Cholesterol. 2010; 2010: 271504.
    CrossRefPubMed
  389. Toribio M, Fitch KV, Sanchez L, et al. Effects of pitavastatin and pravastatin on markers of immune activation and arterial inflammation in HIV. AIDS. 2017; 31(6): 797–806.
    CrossRefPubMed
  390. Aberg JA, Sponseller CA, Ward DJ, et al. Pitavastatin versus pravastatin in adults with HIV-1 infection and dyslipidaemia (INTREPID): 12 week and 52 week results of a phase 4, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, superiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2017; 4(7): e284–e294.
    CrossRefPubMed
  391. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 58(1): 1–10.
    CrossRefPubMed
  392. Hemkens LG, Bucher HC. HIV infection and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(21): 1373–1381.
    CrossRefPubMed
  393. Bavinger C, Bendavid E, Niehaus K, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease from antiretroviral therapy for HIV: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2013; 8(3): e59551.
    CrossRefPubMed
  394. Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH, et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(5): 691–700.
    CrossRefPubMed
  395. Nishtala PS, Gnjidic D, Chyou T, et al. Discontinuation of statins in a population of older New Zealanders with limited life expectancy. Intern Med J. 2016; 46(4): 493–496.
    CrossRefPubMed
  396. van der Ploeg MA, Floriani C, Achterberg WP, et al. Recommendations for (Discontinuation of) Statin Treatment in Older Adults: Review of Guidelines. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020; 68(2): 417–425.
    CrossRefPubMed
  397. Phelps M, Christensen DM, Gerds T, et al. Charlson Comorbidity Index Score and Risk of Severe Outcome and Death in Danish COVID-19 Patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2020; 35(9): 2801–2803.
    CrossRefPubMed
  398. Wang X, Liu Z, Li J, et al. Impacts of Type 2 Diabetes on Disease Severity, Therapeutic Effect, and Mortality of Patients With COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 105(12).
    CrossRefPubMed
  399. Sattar N, McInnes IB, McMurray JJV. Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection: Multiple Potential Mechanisms. Circulation. 2020; 142(1): 4–6.
    CrossRefPubMed
  400. Kreutz R, Algharably EAH, Azizi M, et al. Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19. Cardiovasc Res. 2020; 116(10): 1688–1699.
    CrossRefPubMed
  401. Fosbøl EL, Butt JH, Østergaard L, et al. Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use With COVID-19 Diagnosis and Mortality. JAMA. 2020; 324(2): 168–177.
    CrossRefPubMed
  402. Lewek J, Jatczak-Pawlik I, Maciejewski M, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications - preliminary results of the LATE-COVID study. Arch Med Sci. 2021; 17(3): 818–822.
    CrossRefPubMed
  403. Bhaskar S, Sinha A, Banach M, et al. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 1648.
    CrossRefPubMed
  404. Reiner Ž, Hatamipour M, Banach M, et al. Statins and the COVID-19 main protease: evidence on direct interaction. Arch Med Sci. 2020; 16(3): 490–496.
    CrossRefPubMed
  405. Radenkovic D, Chawla S, Pirro M, et al. Cholesterol in Relation to COVID-19: Should We Care about It? J Clin Med. 2020; 9(6).
    CrossRefPubMed
  406. Daniels LB, Sitapati AM, Zhang J, et al. Relation of Statin Use Prior to Admission to Severity and Recovery Among COVID-19 Inpatients. Am J Cardiol. 2020; 136: 149–155.
    CrossRefPubMed
  407. Saeed O, Castagna F, Agalliu I, et al. Statin Use and In‐Hospital Mortality in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and COVID‐19. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9(24): e018475.
    CrossRefPubMed
  408. Vahedian-Azimi A, Mohammadi SM, Heidari Beni F, et al. Improved COVID-19 ICU admission and mortality outcomes following treatment with statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci. 2021; 17(3): 579–595.
    CrossRefPubMed
  409. Banach M, Penson PE, Fras Z, et al. FH Europe and the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Brief recommendations on the management of adult patients with familial hypercholesterolemia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacol Res. 2020; 158: 104891.
    CrossRefPubMed
  410. Penson PE, Banach M. Nocebo/drucebo effect in statin-intolerant patients: an attempt at recommendations. Eur Heart J. 2021 [Epub ahead of print].
    CrossRefPubMed
  411. Penson PE, Mancini GB, Toth PP, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group & International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Introducing the 'Drucebo' effect in statin therapy: a systematic review of studies comparing reported rates of statin-associated muscle symptoms, under blinded and open-label conditions. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018; 9(6): 1023–1033.
    CrossRefPubMed
  412. Bytyci I, Bajraktari G, Sahabkar A, Penson PE, Rysz J, Banach M. The prevalence of statin intolerance worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis with 4,143,517 patients. Presentation at the European Society of Cardiology Congress — Digital Experience 2021 (27th August 2021).
  413. Rosenson RS, Miller K, Bayliss M, et al. The Statin-Associated Muscle Symptom Clinical Index (SAMS-CI): Revision for Clinical Use, Content Validation, and Inter-rater Reliability. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017; 31(2): 179–186.
    CrossRefPubMed
  414. Michalska-Kasiczak M, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Analysis of vitamin D levels in patients with and without statin-associated myalgia - a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 studies with 2420 patients. Int J Cardiol. 2015; 178: 111–116.
    CrossRefPubMed
  415. Rosenson RS, Baker S, Banach M, et al. Optimizing Cholesterol Treatment in Patients With Muscle Complaints. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70(10): 1290–1301.
    CrossRefPubMed
  416. Toth PP, Patti AM, Giglio RV, et al. Management of Statin Intolerance in 2018: Still More Questions Than Answers. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2018; 18(3): 157–173.
    CrossRefPubMed
  417. Patel J, Martin SS, Banach M. Expert opinion: the therapeutic challenges faced by statin intolerance. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016; 17(11): 1497–1507.
    CrossRefPubMed
  418. Stroes E, Thompson P, Corsini A, et al. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J. 2015; 36(17): 1012–1022.
    CrossRefPubMed
  419. Śliż D, Filipiak KJ, Naruszewicz M, et al. Differences in achieving treatment goals with statin use in various regions of Poland — 3ST-POL study results. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2016; 23(1): 116–119.
    CrossRefPubMed
  420. Pajak A, Jankowski P, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, et al. Changes in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in the post-discharge period over the decade 1997-2007. Results of the Cracovian Program for Secondary Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease and Polish parts of the EUROASPIRE II and III surveys. Kardiol Pol. 2009; 67(12): 1353–1359.
    PubMed
  421. Wiśniowska B, Skowron A. Evaluation of patients' adherence to statins in Poland. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011; 27(1): 99–105.
    CrossRefPubMed
  422. Kardas P, Cieszyński J, Czech M, et al. Primary nonadherence to medication and its drivers in Poland: findings from the electronic prescription pilot analysis. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2020; 130(1): 8–16.
    CrossRefPubMed
  423. Zongo A, Simpson S, Johnson JA, et al. Optimal threshold of adherence to lipid lowering drugs in predicting acute coronary syndrome, stroke, or mortality: A cohort study. PLoS One. 2019; 14(9): e0223062.
    CrossRefPubMed
  424. Rodriguez F, Maron DJ, Knowles JW, et al. Association Between Intensity of Statin Therapy and Mortality in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2017; 2(1): 47–54.
    CrossRefPubMed
  425. Lewey J, Shrank WH, Bowry ADK, et al. Gender and racial disparities in adherence to statin therapy: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2013; 165(5): 665–78, 678.e1.
    CrossRefPubMed
  426. Mann DM, Woodward M, Muntner P, et al. Predictors of nonadherence to statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2010; 44(9): 1410–1421.
    CrossRefPubMed
  427. Ingersgaard MV, Helms Andersen T, Norgaard O, et al. Reasons for Nonadherence to Statins - A Systematic Review of Reviews. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020; 14: 675–691.
    CrossRefPubMed
  428. Lemstra M, Blackburn D, Crawley A, et al. Proportion and risk indicators of nonadherence to statin therapy: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2012; 28(5): 574–580.
    CrossRefPubMed
  429. Pedro-Botet J, Climent E, Benaiges D. Muscle and statins: from toxicity to the nocebo effect. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2019; 18(7): 573–579.
    CrossRefPubMed
  430. Kolte D, Aronow WS, Banach M. Polypills for the prevention of Cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2016; 25(11): 1255–1264.
    CrossRefPubMed
  431. Nelson AJ, Puri R, Nissen SE. Statins in a Distorted Mirror of Media. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020; 22(8): 37.
    CrossRefPubMed
  432. Matthews A, Herrett E, Gasparrini A, et al. Impact of statin related media coverage on use of statins: interrupted time series analysis with UK primary care data. BMJ. 2016; 353: i3283.
    CrossRefPubMed
  433. Jóźwiak J. Czynniki ryzyka — dyslipidemia. In: Ocena wybranych czynników ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego w ogólnopolskiej 5-letniej prospektywnej obserwacji kohorty pacjentów POZ. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej, Częstochowa 2013.
  434. Jóźwiak J. Dyslipidemie. In: Windak A, Mastalerz-Migas A, Chlabicz S. ed. Medycyna rodzinna. Podręcznik dla lekarzy i studentów. Termedia, Poznan 2015.
  435. Bell DA, Kirke AB, Barbour R, et al. Can patients be accurately assessed for familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care? Heart Lung Circ. 2014; 23(12): 1153–1157.
    CrossRefPubMed
  436. Vickery AW, Bell D, Garton-Smith J, et al. Optimising the detection and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia: central role of primary care and its integration with specialist services. Heart Lung Circ. 2014; 23(12): 1158–1164.
    CrossRefPubMed

Informacje o plikach cookie

Niezbędne pliki cookie

Zawsze aktywne

Te pliki cookie są niezbędne do prawidłowego wyświetlania i działania strony internetowej. Zablokowanie ich może spowodować nieprawidłowe działanie strony.

Analityczne pliki cookie

W ramach naszej strony internetowej korzystamy z narzędzi analitycznych, takich jak Google Analytics, które umożliwiają nam weryfikację ruchu na stronie internetowej. Narzędzia te mogą wymagać użycia plików cookie.

Społecznościowe pliki cookie

Są to pliki cookie powiązane z portalami społecznościowymi, z których korzystamy. Zaakceptowanie ich pozwoli na powiązanie Twojej wizyty na stronie z naszymi profilami w mediach społecznościowych.

Marketingowe pliki cookie

Są to pliki cookie odpowiedzialne za prowadzenie działań reklamowych i marketingowych - zgoda na ich wykorzystanie pozwoli nam kierować do Ciebie reklamy, bazujące na podstawie Twoich wcześniejszych aktywności w ramach naszej stronie internetowej.

Copyright © 2023-2024 Via Medica Regulamin Polityka cookies Polityka prywatności Nota prawna