Vol 9, No 2 (2024)
Original article
Published online: 2024-02-14
Selected blood biochemical parameters and energy intake in physically active women and men in the context of body shape satisfaction or dissatisfaction
1
DOI: 10.5603/mrj.99191
Medical Research Journal 2024;9(2):141-147.
Abstract
Introduction: To evaluate selected blood biochemical parameters, energy intake and energy expenditure in physically active women and men in the context of body shape satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
Material and methods: A total of 187 female and male students from the Faculty of Physical Education volunteered to participate in the study. The selected anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters were measured. Participants were asked to provide a positive or negative response to the question of whether they were satisfied with their body shape.
Results: A higher percentage of women, compared to men, express dissatisfaction with their body shape. However, within both groups, the quantity is significant. Individuals dissatisfied with their body shape perceived themselves as more overweight than they actually were. In both groups, especially among women, cortisol concentrations were close to the upper limit of the norm, indicating a higher level of stress in this group.
Conclusions: Even people with normal body weight and regular physical activity, regardless of gender, often declared dissatisfaction with their body shape. It is important because disturbances in the perception of body shape may contribute to physical and mental health disorders.
Keywords: college studentsperception of their body shapehormoneslipid profile
References
- Przybyłowicz KE, Jesiołowska D, Obara-Gołębiowska M, et al. A subjective dissatisfaction with body weight in young women: do eating behaviours play a role? Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2014; 65(3): 243–249.
- Herbozo S, Menzel JE, Thompson JK. Differences in appearance-related commentary, body dissatisfaction, and eating disturbance among college women of varying weight groups. Eat Behav. 2013; 14(2): 204–206.
- Griffiths S, Hay P, Mitchison D, et al. Sex differences in the relationships between body dissatisfaction, quality of life and psychological distress. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2016; 40(6): 518–522.
- Griffiths S, Murray SB, Bentley C, et al. Sex differences in quality of life impairment associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2017; 61(1): 77–82.
- Yager Z, Gray T, Curry C, et al. Body dissatisfaction, excessive exercise, and weight change strategies used by first-year undergraduate students: comparing health and physical education and other education students. J Eat Disord. 2017; 5: 10.
- Burgić-Radmanović M, Gavrić Z, Strkić D. Eating behavior disorders of female adolescents. Psychiatr Danub. 2009; 21(3): 297–301.
- Maya J, Misra M. The female athlete triad: review of current literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2022; 29(1): 44–51.
- Brook EM, Tenforde AS, Broad EM, et al. Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: A survey of elite para athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019; 29(5): 678–685.
- Coelho AR, Cardoso G, Brito ME, et al. The female athlete triad/relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S). Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2021; 43(5): 395–402.
- Barrack MT, Van Loan MD, Rauh M, et al. Disordered eating, development of menstrual irregularity, and reduced bone mass change after a 3-year follow-up in female adolescent endurance runners. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2021; 31(4): 337–344.
- Statuta SM, Asif IM, Drezner JA. Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2017; 51(21): 1570–1571.
- Joseph DN, Whirledge S. Stress and the HPA axis: balancing homeostasis and fertility. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(10).
- Lightman SL, Birnie MT, Conway-Campbell BL. Dynamics of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion and Implications for Disease. Endocr Rev. 2020; 41(3).
- Abraham SB, Rubino D, Sinaii N, et al. Cortisol, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study of obese subjects and review of the literature. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21(1): E105–E117.
- Cvijetic S, Keser I, Jurasović J, et al. Diurnal salivary cortisol in relation to body composition and heart rate variability in young adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022; 13: 831831.
- Epel ES, McEwen B, Seeman T, et al. Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosom Med. 2000; 62(5): 623–632.
- Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr. 1974; 32(1): 77–97.
- Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18(6): 499–502.
- Sallis JF, Buono MJ, Roby JJ, et al. Seven-day recall and other physical activity self-reports in children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993; 25(1): 99–108.
- Czeczelewska E, Czeczelewski J, Wasiluk A, et al. Evaluation of the usability of selected questionnaires assessing physical activity in the prophylaxis of cardiovascular diseases. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016; 25(1): 59–67.
- Szponar L., Wolnicka K., Rychlik E. Album of photographs of food products and dishes. 2000, Warsaw: National Food and Nutrition Institute.
- Stunkard AJ, Sørensen T, Schulsinger F. Use of the danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinness. Res publ assoc res nerv ment dis. 1983; 60: 115–120.
- Frank R, Claumann GS, Felden ÉPG, et al. Body weight perception and body weight control behaviors in adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018; 94(1): 40–47.
- Weinberger NA, Kersting A, Riedel-Heller SG, et al. Body dissatisfaction in individuals with obesity compared to normal-weight individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Facts. 2016; 9(6): 424–441.
- Zhang T, Wang K, Gu T, et al. Body dissatisfaction and restricted diet in chinese adolescents: a longitudinal analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2023; 16: 4003–4013.
- Goldfield GS, Moore C, Henderson K, et al. Body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, depression, and weight status in adolescents. J Sch Health. 2010; 80(4): 186–192.
- Cash T, Deagle E. The nature and extent of body‐image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta‐analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 1997; 22(2): 107–126.
- Moradi M, Mozaffari H, Askari M, et al. Association between overweight/obesity with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022; 62(2): 555–570.
- Ursoniu S, Putnoky S, Vlaicu B. Body weight perception among high school students and its influence on weight management behaviors in normal weight students: a cross-sectional study. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011; 123(11-12): 327–333.
- Gruszka W, Owczarek AJ, Glinianowicz M, et al. Perception of body size and body dissatisfaction in adults. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1): 1159.
- Mintem GC, Horta BL, Domingues MR, et al. Body size dissatisfaction among young adults from the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015; 69(1): 55–61.
- Raj JP, Ploriya S. Prevalence of obesity among rehabilitated urban slum dwellers and altered body image perception in india (PRESUME). Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 22(1): 23–29.
- Rosenqvist E, Konttinen H, Berg N, et al. Development of body dissatisfaction in women and men at different educational levels during the life course. Int J Behav Med. 2023 [Epub ahead of print].
- Ortiz R, Kluwe B, Lazarus S, et al. Cortisol and cardiometabolic disease: a target for advancing health equity. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2022; 33(11): 786–797.
- Iob E, Steptoe A. Cardiovascular disease and hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of chronic stress. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019; 21(10): 116.
- Malara M, Widłak P. Metabolic disturbances in sedentary and active Polish male students with normal body mass index and waist circumference. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 2023; 16(1): 12–18.
- Kolovou GD, Bilianou HG. Influence of aging and menopause on lipids and lipoproteins in women. Angiology. 2008; 59(2 Suppl): 54S–7S.
- Holven KB, Roeters van Lennep J. Sex differences in lipids: A life course approach. Atherosclerosis. 2023; 384: 117270.
- Al-Khatib Y, Akhtar MA, Kanawati MA, et al. Depression and metabolic syndrome: a narrative review. Cureus. 2022; 14(2): e22153.
- Moura Neto A, Zantut-Wittmann DE. Abnormalities of thyroid hormone metabolism during systemic illness: the low T3 syndrome in different clinical settings. Int J Endocrinol. 2016; 2016: 2157583.
- Morais JB, Severo JS, Beserra JB, et al. Association Between Cortisol, Insulin Resistance and Zinc in Obesity: a Mini-Review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019; 191(2): 323–330.
- Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 2013; 34(3): 309–338.
- Larsson CA, Gullberg Bo, Råstam L, et al. Salivary cortisol differs with age and sex and shows inverse associations with WHR in Swedish women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2009; 9: 16.
- Sharma VK, Singh TG. Chronic Stress and Diabetes Mellitus: Interwoven Pathologies. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2020; 16(6): 546–556.
- Wolf P, Winhofer Y, Krššák M, et al. Heart, lipids and hormones. Endocr Connect. 2017; 6(4): R59–R69.
- Mills JG, Larkin TA, Deng C, et al. Cortisol in relation to problematic eating behaviours, adiposity and symptom profiles in Major Depressive Disorder. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2021; 7: 100067.
- Torstveit MK, Fahrenholtz IL, Lichtenstein MB, et al. Exercise dependence, eating disorder symptoms and biomarkers of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S) among male endurance athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019; 5(1): e000439.
- Richard A, Rohrmann S, Lohse T, et al. Is body weight dissatisfaction a predictor of depression independent of body mass index, sex and age? Results of a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(1): 863.