Online first
Review article
Published online: 2024-08-13
Prevention and methods of mitigating transmission of FIV, FeLV and SARS-CoV-2 from cats to humans
1, 2, 2, , 2
,
,
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has shown how much of a global threat animal-borne viruses pose to human health and life. Despite increased hygiene practices, interspecies transmission of viruses can still occur. Pathogens undergo mutations, which makes it difficult to develop effective vaccines and targeted therapies. The tendency of viruses to mutate, their virulence and the ease of spreading in populations make it necessary to develop methods for neutralization and drugs against these pathogens.
The paper presents an overview of substances effective in disinfecting surfaces contaminated with viruses transmitted by cats, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV -2) that may be transmitted by these animals. Ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, octenisept 4-phenoxyethanol, IV ammonium salts and mixtures of these substances effectively eliminate feline viruses. The article also discusses drugs used to treat infections and draws attention to misconceptions spread among cat owners.
Keywords: disinfectionCOVID-19FeLVFIVSARS-CoV-2
References
- Little S, Levy J, Hartmann K, et al. 2020 AAFP Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg. 2020; 22(1): 5–30.
- Stout AE, André NM, Jaimes JA, et al. Coronaviruses in cats and other companion animals: Where does SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 fit? Vet Microbiol. 2020; 247: 108777.
- Sila T, Sunghan J, Laochareonsuk W, et al. Suspected Cat-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Thailand, July-September 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022; 28(7): 1485–1488.
- Hartmann K. Clinical aspects of feline retroviruses: a review. Viruses. 2012; 4(11): 2684–2710.
- Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Lombardi S, et al. Feline immunodeficiency virus: an interesting model for AIDS studies and an important cat pathogen. Clinical microbiology reviews. 1995; 8(1): 87–112.
- Rojko J, Essex M, Trainin Z. Feline leukemia/sarcoma viruses and immunodeficiency. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1988; 32: 57–96.
- Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R. What's New in Feline Leukemia Virus Infection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2020; 50(5): 1013–1036.
- Izes AM, Yu J, Norris JM, et al. Current status on treatment options for feline infectious peritonitis and SARS-CoV-2 positive cats. Vet Q. 2020; 40(1): 322–330.
- Wang MY, Zhao R, Gao LJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-Based Therapeutics Development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 587269.
- Janik E, Bartos M, Niemcewicz M, et al. SARS-CoV-2: Outline, Prevention, and Decontamination. Pathogens. 2021; 10(2): 114.
- Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, et al. European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases, European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases. Prevention of infectious diseases in cat shelters: ABCD guidelines. J Feline Med Surg. 2013; 15(7): 546–554.
- Levy J. Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus. In: Miller L, Janeczko S, Hurley KF. ed. Infectious disease management in animal shelters. John Wiley & Sons 2021.
- Kampf G. Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect. 2018; 98(4): 331–338.
- Ijaz MK, Nims RW, Zhou SS, et al. Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Am J Infect Control. 2020; 48(8): 972–973.
- Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. Lancet Microbe. 2020; 1(1): e10.
- Steinhauer K, Meister TL, Todt D, et al. Virucidal efficacy of different formulations for hand and surface disinfection targeting SARS CoV-2. J Hosp Infect. 2021; 112: 27–30.
- Pope ZC, Weisend CM, Shah A, et al. Inactivation of replication-competent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on common surfaces by disinfectants. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023; 44(3): 504–506.
- Hirose R, Itoh Y, Ikegaya H, et al. Evaluation of the Residual Disinfection Effects of Commonly Used Skin Disinfectants against Viruses: An Innovative Contact Transmission Control Method. Environ Sci Technol. 2021; 55(23): 16044–16055.
- Jahromi R, Mogharab V, Jahromi H, et al. Synergistic effects of anionic surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency of sanitizing fluids to fight COVID-19. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020; 145: 111702.
- Okamoto N, Saito A, Okabayashi T, et al. Virucidal activity and mechanism of action of cetylpyridinium chloride against SARS-CoV-2. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol. 2022; 34(6): 800–804.
- Nomura T, Nazmul T, Yoshimoto R, et al. Ethanol Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Enveloped Viruses. Biocontrol Sci. 2021; 26(3): 177–180.
- Herdt BL, Black EP, Zhou SS, et al. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by 2 commercially available Benzalkonium chloride-based hand sanitizers in comparison with an 80% ethanol-based hand sanitizer. Infect Prev Pract. 2021; 3(4): 100191.
- Rutala WA, Ikner LA, Donskey CJ, et al. Continuously active disinfectant inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronavirus 229E two days after the disinfectant was applied and following wear exposures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023; 44(3): 507–509.
- Hartmann K, Wooding A, Bergmann M. Efficacy of Antiviral Drugs against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Vet Sci. 2015; 2(4): 456–476.
- Medeiros Sd, Abreu CM, Delvecchio R, et al. Follow-up on long-term antiretroviral therapy for cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Feline Med Surg. 2016; 18(4): 264–272.
- Mueller RS, Hartmann K. Interferon therapies in small animals. Vet J. 2021; 271: 105648.
- Doménech A, Miró G, Collado VM, et al. Use of recombinant interferon omega in feline retrovirosis: from theory to practice. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011; 143(3-4): 301–306.
- Izes AM, Yu J, Norris JM, et al. Current status on treatment options for feline infectious peritonitis and SARS-CoV-2 positive cats. Vet Q. 2020; 40(1): 322–330.