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Violations of safe diving practices among 122 diver fatalities
Affiliations- Professional Association of Diving Instructors
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health The University of Western Australia
- Divers Alert Network, Durham, NC, United States, United States
open access
Abstract
Background: Diving is a popular recreation with an excellent safety record, with an estimated 1.8 deaths
per 1 million dives. This study investigated the relationship between intentional deviation from accepted
diving practices (violations) and diver fatalities.
Materials and methods: The authors examined 119 incidents/122 diver fatalities that did not involve diver
training in North America and the Caribbean, and identified the presence of violations of accepted diving
safety practices, as well as if the death was associated with an acute medical event such as heart attack.
Results: Of the 122 fatalities, 57% (n = 70) were associated with a medical event and 43% (n = 52) were
non-medical. Violations were found in 45% of fatalities (n = 55) overall. Violations were recorded for 23%
of the 70 medical and 75% of the 52 non-medical fatalities. Divers who died from something other than
a medical cause were 7 times as likely to have one or more violations associated with the fatality (OR 7.3,
95% CI 2.3–23.2). The odds of dying from something other than a medical condition increased approximately
60% for each additional 10 metres of depth. The odds of a death being associated with a medical
condition increased approximately 9% per year of age, or 2.4 times for every 10 years older a diver was.
Conclusions: Medical events are associated with over half of the non-training related diver fatalities in North
America and the Caribbean, with the odds of death being associated with a medical condition doubling
each decade of additional age. These data support recommendations that divers stay physically fit and
have regular medical checkups, particularly as they get older. They also strongly support the safety benefit
of adhering to established safe diving practices.
Abstract
Background: Diving is a popular recreation with an excellent safety record, with an estimated 1.8 deaths
per 1 million dives. This study investigated the relationship between intentional deviation from accepted
diving practices (violations) and diver fatalities.
Materials and methods: The authors examined 119 incidents/122 diver fatalities that did not involve diver
training in North America and the Caribbean, and identified the presence of violations of accepted diving
safety practices, as well as if the death was associated with an acute medical event such as heart attack.
Results: Of the 122 fatalities, 57% (n = 70) were associated with a medical event and 43% (n = 52) were
non-medical. Violations were found in 45% of fatalities (n = 55) overall. Violations were recorded for 23%
of the 70 medical and 75% of the 52 non-medical fatalities. Divers who died from something other than
a medical cause were 7 times as likely to have one or more violations associated with the fatality (OR 7.3,
95% CI 2.3–23.2). The odds of dying from something other than a medical condition increased approximately
60% for each additional 10 metres of depth. The odds of a death being associated with a medical
condition increased approximately 9% per year of age, or 2.4 times for every 10 years older a diver was.
Conclusions: Medical events are associated with over half of the non-training related diver fatalities in North
America and the Caribbean, with the odds of death being associated with a medical condition doubling
each decade of additional age. These data support recommendations that divers stay physically fit and
have regular medical checkups, particularly as they get older. They also strongly support the safety benefit
of adhering to established safe diving practices.
Keywords
health, incidents, Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), risk factors, safety, tourism, unconsciousness
About this articleTitle
Violations of safe diving practices among 122 diver fatalities
Journal
Issue
Article type
Original article
Pages
94-98
Published online
2018-06-22
Page views
13337
Article views/downloads
4780
DOI
Pubmed
Bibliographic record
IMH 2018;69(2):94-98.
Keywords
health
incidents
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
risk factors
safety
tourism
unconsciousness
Authors
Karl Shreeves
Peter Buzzacott
Al Hornsby
Mark Caney
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