Prevalence of consumption of addictive substances amongst Moroccan fishermen
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of toxic habits is constantly increasing in developing countries and all professional sectors are concerned. Seafarers are a particular target because of the dangerousness and complexity of their work. However, few studies have investigated toxic habits in this population. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of the use and misuse of addictive substances in seafarers and to appreciate poly-consumptions according to socio-demographic and occupational characteristics.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 1,219 fishermen. Subjects filled a questionnaire during their medical examination. The questionnaire covered socio-demographic and occupational characteristics, toxic habits (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and others psychotropic substances). The misuse was assessed by specific tests: dependence on smoking tobacco (Fagerstrom), Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).
Results: The prevalence of consumption was 58.5% for smoking tobacco, 36.2% for cannabis, and 36.5% for alcohol. Amongst consumers, the prevalence of dependence or misuse was 49% for smoking tobacco, 61.2% for cannabis and 86% for alcohol. Only 115 (9.4%) people had no toxic habit. 56.4% had one toxic habit, 20.4% had two toxic habits, 11.9% had three toxic habits and 1.9% had four toxic habits. The most frequent associations were tobacco-cannabis (10.5%) and tobacco-alcohol (6.1%).
Conclusions: In this sector, occupational health physicians have to play a key role in raising awareness and fighting against toxic habits.
Keywords: fishermenaddictive substancesMorocco
References
- Manoudi F, Boutabia S, Asri F, et al. Approche épidémiologique de la toxicomanie en milieu universitaire à Marrakech (Maroc). Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique. 2010; 168(9): 698–701.
- Chemsi M, Rbai M, Echchachoui H, et al. Epidemiology of addictive behaviours among civilian aircrew in Morocco. Med Aéronautique et Spatiale. 2009; 187: 25–29.
- Pougnet R, Pougnet L, Loddé B, et al. Consumption of addictive substances in mariners. Spanish Society of Maritime Medicine (SEMM), Tarragona, Spain. 2014; 65(4): 199–204.
- Frantzeskou E, Jensen O, Linos A. Prevalence of health risk factors among fishermen: a review. Occupational Medicine Health Affairs. 2014; 2(2): 157.
- Fort E, Massardier-Pilonchery A, Bergeret A. Alcohol and nicotine dependence in French seafarers. Int Marit Health. 2009; 60(1-2): 18–28.
- Ghailan T, Hamdouche I, Bennouna A, et al. Evaluation des troubles du sommeil chez les pêcheurs de Tanger. Medicina maritima 2009, vol. 9, no. : 2.
- Laraqui O, Manar N, Ghailan T. Dépistage de la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive et qualité de vie dans un échantillon de gens de mer à Kénitra. Medicina maritima 2014, Vol. 14, no. : 1.
- Laraqui O, Laraqui S, Caubet A, et al. Evaluation du stress professionnel chez les gens de mer à Tanger. Medicina maritima. 2010; 10(1): 38–58.
- Laraqui O, Manar N, Ghailan T, et al. Prévalence des conduites à risques chez les marins pêcheurs au Maroc à propos d’une étude multicentrique. XVIII jornadas nacionales españolas de medicina marítima. Sotogrande (Cádiz. 2016: novembre.
- Laraqui S, Laraqui O, Manar N. Knowledge, attitudes and practices assessment of seafarers to STI/HIV/AIDS. Int Marit Health . 2017.
- Observatoire National des Drogues et Addictions (ONDA) Rapport officiel. Maroc : Moroccan National Observatory for Drugs and Addictions. www onda-drogues com (2013).
- Durand E, Gayet C, Laborde L, et al. Conduites addictives et travail. INRS. DMT ; N°115, 3ème trimestre. ; 2008: 339–362.
- Paille F. Critères diagnostiques, cliniques et biologiques de la dépendance tabagique. In: Reynaud Michel, Traité d’addictologie. Paris: Médecine-Sciences Flammarion. ; 2006: 418–423.
- El Rhazi K, Nejjari C, Berraho M, et al. Inequalities in smoking profiles in Morocco: the role of educational level. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12(11): 1327–1332.
- Fagerström KO. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict Behav. 1978; 3(3-4): 235–241.
- Underner M, Houezec JLe, Perriot J, et al. Les tests d’évaluation de la dépendance tabagique. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires. 2012; 29(4): 462–474.
- Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé (INPES, France) : National Institute of Prevention and Education for Health. Repérage précoce de l’usage nocif du cannabis. Juillet. ; 2006: 4.
- Gyepesi A, Urbán R, Farkas J, et al. Psychometric properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test in Hungarian samples of adolescents and young adults. Eur Addict Res. 2014; 20(3): 119–128.
- Demortière G, Pessione F, Batel P. Problèmes liés à l’alcool en médecine de travail. Dépistage par l’utilisation d’auto-questionnaires : intérêt, faisabilité, limites. INRS, DMT, 2ème trimestre. 2001; 85: 193–200.
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) : National Institute for Research and Safety of France. Problèmes liés à l'alcool en médecine du travail. Dépistage par l'utilisation d'auto-questionnaires : Intérêt, faisabilité, limites. Document pour le médecin du travail. Numéro 86. 2eme trimestre. ; 2011.
- Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé (INPES, France) : National Institute of Prevention and Education for Health. Baromètre santé 2010 des substances psychoactives plus consommées dans certains secteurs de travail. http://www.inpes.sante.fr/Barometres/barometre-sante-2010/pdf/resultats-barometres-spa.pdf.
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) : National Institute for Research and Safety of France. Dossier Addictions. www.inrs.fr/risques/addictions.html (2015).
- Kiter G, Uçan ES, Ceylan E, et al. Water-pipe smoking and pulmonary functions. Respir Med. 2000; 94(9): 891–894.
- Novalbos J, Nogueroles P, Soriguer M, et al. Occupational health in the Andalusian Fisheries Sector. Occup Med (Lond). 2008; 58(2): 141–143.
- Bibliotheque de l’OMS. Neurosciences : usage de substance psychoactives et dépendance. ISBN 92 4 259124 6. Classification NLM:WM 270.
- Orset C, Sarazin M, Cabal C. Les conduites addictives en milieu professionnel. Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement. 2007; 68(1): 5–19.
- Niezborala M, Boeuf-Cazou O, Lapeyre-Mestre M, et al. Profil de consommation de substances psychoactives dans le milieu du travail : résultats de l’enquête Mode de Vie et Travail. Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement. 2012; 73(3): 492.
