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open access

Vol 94, No 8 (2023)
Research paper
Published online: 2022-11-15
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Factors associated with fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age newborns

Jovana Milosavljevic1, Ana Pejcic2, Petar Arsenijevic3, Aleksandra Dimitrijevic3, Milos Milosavljevic2, Ivana Zivanovic Macuzic1, Milica Milentijevic4, Slobodan Jankovic2
DOI: 10.5603/GP.a2022.0127
·
Pubmed: 36448354
·
Ginekol Pol 2023;94(8):645-653.
Affiliations
  1. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
  2. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
  3. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
  4. Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina-Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia

open access

Vol 94, No 8 (2023)
ORIGINAL PAPERS Obstetrics
Published online: 2022-11-15

Abstract

Objectives: To identify risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) and quantify the strength of their impact.

Material and methods: This study was designed as a retrospective-prospective observational cohort study conducted on pregnant women at the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia. We measured the intrauterine degree of fetal development through the estimated fetal weight (EFW) on ultrasound examination, which was calculated using Hadlock’s formula 3. Fetuses whose EFW was below the 10th percentile on the World Health Organization (WHO) fetal growth charts adjusted for gender and gestational age were classified as FGR fetuses, while newborns weighing less than the 10th percentile were considered SGA.

Results: The study included 320 pregnant women with an average age of 30.3 ± 5.5 years who gave birth to 332 newborns. The results of univariate and multivariate stepwise backward conditional binary logistic regression showed that the occurrence of FGR during the second trimester was more likely in pregnant women with lower body height and proteinuria. The risk factors for the occurrence of FGR during the third trimester were lower body height and proteinuria, while iron supplementation had a protective effect. SGA newborns were more common in pregnant women who were shorter, had proteinuria, used corticosteroids, or smoked during pregnancy.

Conclusions: Clinicians should pay special attention to pregnant women with lower body height, proteinuria, who smoke and use corticosteroids in order to prevent FGR and SGA.

Abstract

Objectives: To identify risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) and quantify the strength of their impact.

Material and methods: This study was designed as a retrospective-prospective observational cohort study conducted on pregnant women at the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia. We measured the intrauterine degree of fetal development through the estimated fetal weight (EFW) on ultrasound examination, which was calculated using Hadlock’s formula 3. Fetuses whose EFW was below the 10th percentile on the World Health Organization (WHO) fetal growth charts adjusted for gender and gestational age were classified as FGR fetuses, while newborns weighing less than the 10th percentile were considered SGA.

Results: The study included 320 pregnant women with an average age of 30.3 ± 5.5 years who gave birth to 332 newborns. The results of univariate and multivariate stepwise backward conditional binary logistic regression showed that the occurrence of FGR during the second trimester was more likely in pregnant women with lower body height and proteinuria. The risk factors for the occurrence of FGR during the third trimester were lower body height and proteinuria, while iron supplementation had a protective effect. SGA newborns were more common in pregnant women who were shorter, had proteinuria, used corticosteroids, or smoked during pregnancy.

Conclusions: Clinicians should pay special attention to pregnant women with lower body height, proteinuria, who smoke and use corticosteroids in order to prevent FGR and SGA.

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Keywords

fetal growth restriction; small for gestational age; estimated fetal weight; risk factors

About this article
Title

Factors associated with fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age newborns

Journal

Ginekologia Polska

Issue

Vol 94, No 8 (2023)

Article type

Research paper

Pages

645-653

Published online

2022-11-15

Page views

915

Article views/downloads

539

DOI

10.5603/GP.a2022.0127

Pubmed

36448354

Bibliographic record

Ginekol Pol 2023;94(8):645-653.

Keywords

fetal growth restriction
small for gestational age
estimated fetal weight
risk factors

Authors

Jovana Milosavljevic
Ana Pejcic
Petar Arsenijevic
Aleksandra Dimitrijevic
Milos Milosavljevic
Ivana Zivanovic Macuzic
Milica Milentijevic
Slobodan Jankovic

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