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Vol 80, No 10 (2009)
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Active and passive transport of drugs in the human placenta

Marcin Kamiński, Artur Pałasz, Stanisław Włoch
Ginekol Pol 2009;80(10).

open access

Vol 80, No 10 (2009)
ARTICLES

Abstract

The human placenta, characterized by the processes of passive transport and facilitated diffusion, contains numerous active transport proteins, usually located in the microvilli of the syncytiotrophoblast or in the endothelium of the capillaries of the villi. These proteins use either the energy from ATP hydrolysis or other mechanisms resulting, among others, from the formation of the maternofetal ion gradient, which facilitates the transfer of various endogenous substances or xenobiotics across the body membranes. The proteins either trigger the efflux of these substances from the fetal tissues via the placenta into the maternal bloodstream, or conversely, they accumulate them in the fetal tissues. Both the placenta and the fetus are equipped with independent systems of enzymes of 1st and 2nd phase of substrate metabolism, such as CYP450, glucuronyltransferase or sulphatase. An active therapy with a wide range of drugs, often at high toxicity levels, either shortly before or during pregnancy, has naturally posed a question concerning the degree of impermeability of the placental barrier and how effectively it can be crossed, including any possible negative embryotoxic or teratogenic consequences. Such hazards seem to be quite real, as many drugs are substrates for ABC transporters. Also the placenta itself, including its structure, is subject to vast transformations during pregnancy, which may be observed as the thinning of the barrier separating the maternal blood from the fetal one, from 20-30μm in the first trimester of gestation down to 2-4μm in the third trimester of gestation.

Abstract

The human placenta, characterized by the processes of passive transport and facilitated diffusion, contains numerous active transport proteins, usually located in the microvilli of the syncytiotrophoblast or in the endothelium of the capillaries of the villi. These proteins use either the energy from ATP hydrolysis or other mechanisms resulting, among others, from the formation of the maternofetal ion gradient, which facilitates the transfer of various endogenous substances or xenobiotics across the body membranes. The proteins either trigger the efflux of these substances from the fetal tissues via the placenta into the maternal bloodstream, or conversely, they accumulate them in the fetal tissues. Both the placenta and the fetus are equipped with independent systems of enzymes of 1st and 2nd phase of substrate metabolism, such as CYP450, glucuronyltransferase or sulphatase. An active therapy with a wide range of drugs, often at high toxicity levels, either shortly before or during pregnancy, has naturally posed a question concerning the degree of impermeability of the placental barrier and how effectively it can be crossed, including any possible negative embryotoxic or teratogenic consequences. Such hazards seem to be quite real, as many drugs are substrates for ABC transporters. Also the placenta itself, including its structure, is subject to vast transformations during pregnancy, which may be observed as the thinning of the barrier separating the maternal blood from the fetal one, from 20-30μm in the first trimester of gestation down to 2-4μm in the third trimester of gestation.
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Keywords

Placenta, Drug transport, multidrug-resistance protein, pregnancy, syncytiotrophoblast

About this article
Title

Active and passive transport of drugs in the human placenta

Journal

Ginekologia Polska

Issue

Vol 80, No 10 (2009)

Page views

561

Article views/downloads

1830

Bibliographic record

Ginekol Pol 2009;80(10).

Keywords

Placenta
Drug transport
multidrug-resistance protein
pregnancy
syncytiotrophoblast

Authors

Marcin Kamiński
Artur Pałasz
Stanisław Włoch

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