Czy mikrobiotę jelitową można skutecznie modyfikować?
Streszczenie
Terminem „mikrobiota” określa się wszystkie drobnoustroje (bakterie, grzyby, eukariota i wirusy) zasiedlające organizm człowieka. Ocenia się, że w skład mikrobioty wchodzi 1014 bakterii, z czego ponad 70% zawarte jest w jelicie grubym. Fizjologiczna rola mikrobioty jest bardzo szeroka i obejmuje: ochronę przed infekacjami, trawienie długołańcuchowych węglowodanów i włókien pokarmowych, produkcję krótkołańcuchowych kwasów tłuszczowych i syntezę witamin oraz regulację odpowiedzi immunologicznej i równowagi metabolicznej. Zaburzenia równowagi mikrobioty, czyli składu i funkcji tworzących ją drobnoustrojów nazywa się dysbiozą. Etiopatogeneza wielu chorób (alergii, cukrzycy, otyłości, nieswoistych zapaleń jelit, chorób czynnościowych przewodu pokarmowego, chorób neurodegeneracyjnych, depresji czy autyzmu) może być związana właśnie z dysbiozą. Korzystna modyfikacja mikrobioty może więc stanowić cel terapeutycznego postępowania. Metody modyfikacji mikrobioty obejmują: stosowanie probiotyków, prebiotyków i synbiotyków, antybiotyków niewchłaniających się z przewodu pokarmowego (np. rifaksymina) oraz przeszczepianie (transfer) mikrobioty przewodu pokarmowego zdrowych dawców. Należy pamiętać, że korzystne właściwości probiotyków są ściśle szczepozależne, a udowodnione korzyści z ich stosowania dotyczą zapobiegania biegunce związanej ze stosowaniem antybiotyków i infekcji Clostridium difficile, leczenia ostrej biegunki infekcyjnej, poprawy tolerancji i skuteczności eradykacji Helicobacter pylori oraz poprawy w objawach zespołu jelita nadwrażliwego. Rifaksymina jest rekomendowana w leczeniu niezaparciowej postaci zespołu jelita nadwrażliwego, eradykacji zespołu rozrostu bakteryjnego w jelicie cienkim oraz w cyklicznej terapii objawowej niepowikłanej choroby uchyłkowej. Transfer mikrobioty jelitowej stanowi skuteczną terapię nawracającej infekcji C. difficile oraz w dalszej perspektywie — obserwowaną obiecującą alternatywę w terapii nieswoistych chorób zapalnych jelit.
Słowa kluczowe: mikrobiota jelitowaprobiotykiniewchłanialny antybiotyk rifaksyminatransplantacja mikrobioty jelitowej
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