Metabolic syndrome and skin conditions: Is there a potential link?

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a multifactorial condition characterized by insulin resistance, visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, is a growing global health concern. Emerging evidence indicates potential links between MetS and various skin diseases, suggesting shared underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This review explores these associations, emphasizing that MetS’s pro-inflammatory state and hormonal imbalances may trigger or exacerbate dermatological conditions. Sebaceous and apocrine gland dysfunctions related to androgen excess highlight the link between acne vulgaris and elevated mTORC1 signaling, a marker of insulin resistance. Acne rosacea, similarly, shows an association with systemic inflammation and MetS comorbidities. Hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic apocrine gland disorder, is notably more prevalent in individuals with obesity and socioeconomic disadvantages, underscoring complex metabolic and environmental interdependencies. The relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and MetS remains contested, though central obesity appears to be a common link. Psoriasis consistently correlates with higher MetS incidence, reinforcing the need for cardiovascular monitoring in these patients. Vitiligo, through autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms, has been linked to metabolic disturbances, while androgenetic alopecia and acanthosis nigricans further exemplify insulin resistance’s dermatological manifestations. Although seborrheic dermatitis and lichen planus have yielded inconsistent data regarding MetS, notable associations exist. Overall, the review underlines the bidirectional impact between skin conditions and metabolic dysfunctions, advocating for interdisciplinary management to mitigate cardiovascular risks and improve patient outcomes. Future research is necessary to elucidate causal relationships and refine treatment strategies that address both metabolic and dermatological health.