Beneficial effects of voluntary over forced exercise on skeletal muscle structure and myokines’ expression
, 3, 45, 1, 6
Abstract
Background: Myokines, a group of small proteins — mainly cytokines, are released by myocytes during muscular contraction and proved to have many biological effects locally or at systemic levels. The main objective was to study the morphological alterations and myokines expression in rat gastrocnemius muscle following forced compared to voluntary muscle contraction.
Materials and methods: Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, voluntary exercise and forced swimming regimen. The experiment last for 3 weeks. The weight of rats and serum corticosterone levels were recorded. The gastrocnemius muscle samples were processed for histological and immunohistochemical study of different myokines.
Results: The mean weight of rats showed no statistical difference between groups. Corticosterone level significantly increased after forced exercise. Voluntary exercise muscle fibres appeared hypertrophied with prominent transverse banding and dominating satellite cells. Forced exercise muscle showed atrophied widely spaced muscle fibres and inflammatory cell infiltrate. Voluntary exercise significantly increased optic density of interleukin 6, macrophage inhibitory and brain derived neurotrophic factors, whereas the forced exercise group showed significant decrease in their optic densities. The optic density of vascular endothelial growth factor significantly decreased in the forced exercise group. Forced exercise could be harmful to the skeletal muscle fibres and it decreases the secretion of important myokines. Further, forced exercise significantly increases the serum corticosterone level.
Conclusions: The use of exercise for the attainment of healthy life style or in psycho- or neuro-therapy should follow a thoroughly studied programme for welfare of human health.
Keywords: forced exercisevoluntary exerciseskeletal musclemyokinescorticosterone
References
- Adlard PA, Perreau VM, Pop V, et al. Voluntary exercise decreases amyloid load in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2005; 25(17): 4217–4221.
- Armstrong RB, Ogilvie RW, Schwane JA. Eccentric exercise-induced injury to rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983; 54(1): 80–93.
- Arnold JC, Salvatore MF. Getting to compliance in forced exercise in rodents: a critical standard to evaluate exercise impact in aging-related disorders and disease. J Vis Exp. 2014(90).
- Ayuob NN, Ali SS, Suliaman M, et al. The antidepressant effect of musk in an animal model of depression: a histopathological study. Cell Tissue Res. 2016; 366(2): 271–284.
- Bazgir B, Fathi R, Rezazadeh Valojerdi M, et al. Satellite cells contribution to exercise mediated muscle hypertrophy and repair. Cell J. 2017; 18(4): 473–484.
- Bellamy LM. Temporal Pattern of Type Ii Fibre- Specific Satellite Cell Expansion To Exercise Correlates With Human Muscle Hypertrophy: Potential Role for Myostatin. 2012.
- Clow C, Jasmin BJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates satellite cell differentiation and skeltal muscle regeneration. Mol Biol Cell. 2010; 21(13): 2182–2190.
- Contarteze RV, Manchado FD, Gobatto CA, et al. Stress biomarkers in rats submitted to swimming and treadmill running exercises. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2008; 151(3): 415–422.
- Eldomiaty MA, Almasry SM, Desouky MK, et al. Voluntary running improves depressive behaviours and the structure of the hippocampus in rats: A possible impact of myokines. Brain Res. 2017; 1657: 29–42.
- Gavin TP, Westerkamp LM, Zwetsloot KA. Soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius VEGF mRNA responses to hypoxia and exercise are preserved in aged compared with young female C57BL/6 mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2006; 188(2): 113–121.
- Gleeson M. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007; 103(2): 693–699.
- Grizzle WE. Special symposium: fixation and tissue processing models. Biotech Histochem. 2009; 84(5): 185–193.
- Johnson SE, Allen RE. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is expressed in activated rat skeletal muscle satellite cells. J Cell Physiol. 1993; 154(1): 39–43.
- Jonsson J. Effect of voluntary exercise on BDNF/TrkB gene expression and alcohol intake Josefine Jonsson. Master Thesis. 2012.
- Klein GL. The effect of glucocorticoids on bone and muscle. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2015; 1(1): 39–45.
- Muñoz-Cánoves P, Scheele C, Pedersen BK, et al. Interleukin-6 myokine signaling in skeletal muscle: a double-edged sword? FEBS J. 2013; 280(17): 4131–4148.
- Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Fischer C, et al. Searching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate? J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2003; 24(2-3): 113–119.
- Perdiguero E, Ruiz-Bonilla V, Gresh L, et al. Genetic analysis of p38 MAP kinases in myogenesis: fundamental role of p38alpha in abrogating myoblast proliferation. EMBO J. 2007; 26(5): 1245–1256.
- Porsolt RD. Animal models of depression: utility for transgenic research. Rev Neurosci. 2000; 11(1): 53–58.
- Rodriguez I, Diaz A, Vaamonde D. Assessment of the effect of prolonged forced swimming on CD-1 mice sperm morphology with and without antioxidant supplementation. Andrologia. 2016; 48(3): 277–281.
- Rowe GC, Safdar A, Arany Z. Running forward: new frontiers in endurance exercise biology. Circulation. 2014; 129(7): 798–810.
- Schnyder S, Handschin C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise. Bone. 2015; 80: 115–125.
- So B, Kim HJ, Kim J, et al. Exercise-induced myokines in health and metabolic diseases. Integr Med Res. 2014; 3(4): 172–179.
- Tang K, Breen EC, Gerber HP, et al. Capillary regression in vascular endothelial growth factor-deficient skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics. 2004; 18(1): 63–69.
- Tang K, Breen EC, Wagner H, et al. HIF and VEGF relationships in response to hypoxia and sciatic nerve stimulation in rat gastrocnemius. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2004; 144(1): 71–80.
- Varghese F, Bukhari AB, Malhotra R, et al. IHC Profiler: an open source plugin for the quantitative evaluation and automated scoring of immunohistochemistry images of human tissue samples. PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e96801.
- Webster I, Du Toit EF, Huisamen B. Peer reviewed short communication the effect of long term swim training on physiological stress levels in the rat. Med Tech. 2010; 24(2): 37–40.
- Wen F, Zheng J, Yu J, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the regulation of myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2016; 80(7): 1313–1320.
- Wisse BE, Schwartz MW. The skinny on neurotrophins. Nat Neurosci. 2003; 6(7): 655–656.
