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Vol 78, No 4 (2019)
Review article
Submitted: 2019-02-11
Accepted: 2019-03-15
Published online: 2019-04-03
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Anatomy and clinical significance of sacral variations: a systematic review

E. Nastoulis1, M.-V. Karakasi2, P. Pavlidis2, V. Thomaidis1, A. Fiska1
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0040
·
Pubmed: 30949993
·
Folia Morphol 2019;78(4):651-667.
Affiliations
  1. Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
  2. Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece

open access

Vol 78, No 4 (2019)
REVIEW ARTICLES
Submitted: 2019-02-11
Accepted: 2019-03-15
Published online: 2019-04-03

Abstract

The sacrum is a large trilateral bone located at the base of the vertebral column serving to transfer the body weight from the trunk to the pelvis and lower extremities. Over the years, an abundance of sacral anatomical divergences has been reported, including numerical and/or morphological variations of sacral entities. The majority of these anatomical alternations has been incidentally identified during radiological investigations, surgical procedures or discovered in anatomical, anthropological and forensic research studies. Throughout international literature, however, there is a scarcity of an integrative recording of all known anatomical variations of the sacrum in a single study. This constitutes the objective of the present paper: to provide an exhaustive systematic review of the relevant literature, as well as to thoroughly describe all the recognized deviations of the sacrum structure, while highlighting the aspects of their clinical significance.

Abstract

The sacrum is a large trilateral bone located at the base of the vertebral column serving to transfer the body weight from the trunk to the pelvis and lower extremities. Over the years, an abundance of sacral anatomical divergences has been reported, including numerical and/or morphological variations of sacral entities. The majority of these anatomical alternations has been incidentally identified during radiological investigations, surgical procedures or discovered in anatomical, anthropological and forensic research studies. Throughout international literature, however, there is a scarcity of an integrative recording of all known anatomical variations of the sacrum in a single study. This constitutes the objective of the present paper: to provide an exhaustive systematic review of the relevant literature, as well as to thoroughly describe all the recognized deviations of the sacrum structure, while highlighting the aspects of their clinical significance.

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Keywords

sacral variations, sacrum, anatomical variations, sacral hiatus variations, sacral foramina pairs

About this article
Title

Anatomy and clinical significance of sacral variations: a systematic review

Journal

Folia Morphologica

Issue

Vol 78, No 4 (2019)

Article type

Review article

Pages

651-667

Published online

2019-04-03

Page views

4200

Article views/downloads

5849

DOI

10.5603/FM.a2019.0040

Pubmed

30949993

Bibliographic record

Folia Morphol 2019;78(4):651-667.

Keywords

sacral variations
sacrum
anatomical variations
sacral hiatus variations
sacral foramina pairs

Authors

E. Nastoulis
M.-V. Karakasi
P. Pavlidis
V. Thomaidis
A. Fiska

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