Background: The aim of the study was to determine the coexistence of arterial and venous anomalies in the vascular pedicle of the kidney in the Polish population. 

Materials and methods: The study group comprised 550 corpses, including 281 male (mean age 52 ± 22 years), and 269 female corpses (mean age 56.4 ± ± 23 years) (p = 0.02). The vascular bundle was removed together with the kidney, “en bloc”; the vessels were subject to radiological contrasting and preparation. The obtained results were subject to statistical analysis (the exact Fisher test, c2 test of independence for cross-tabulation 2 × 2 tables, and the odds ratio with the confidence interval at a level of 0.95, calculated on the basis of the contin- gency dependence). Statistica 12 and Microsoft Excel were used for calculations. 

Results: Variations in the structure of the renal venous system were observed in 33.8%; insignificantly more often in male (35.9%), as compared to female patients (31.6%). Deviations in the structure of the renal arteries were observed significantly more often in patients with renal venous system developmental disorders (p = 0.0071). In patients with a normal renal venous system, arterial kidney structure deviations were observed in 34.9% of cases, significantly more often in male (40%), as compared to female (29.7%) patients (p = 0.043). On the other hand, in venous system pathologies, the above-mentioned deviations were observed in 46.8% of cases (p = 0.002). Amongst developmental anomalies of the venous system, right-sided venous excess was observed in 20.4% of cases, including 48% of renal artery developmental pathologies, significantly more often in male (61.3%), as compared to female (32%) patients (p = 0.002). 

Conclusions: Renal artery anomalies of the kidney vascular pedicle are significan- tly correlated with the coexistence of venous system variations. This is especially true for male patients, which favours female kidneys for transplantation.