open access
Anatomy and morphometry of the distal gracilis muscle tendon in adults and foetuses
open access
Abstract
Ten human gracilis muscles obtained from adults and ten gracilis muscles collected from human foetuses between the 15th and 21st week of gestation were examined. The results of this preparatory study show that the gracilis muscle in adults is narrow and long — 482 mm on average. The distal tendon of gracilis muscle is long, 294 mm on average. It can be divided into two sections — external part, outside the muscle belly, and internal, intramuscular, part. The latter one is partially covered by muscle fibres and some of it is completely hidden inside the muscle belly, which is on average 76 mm long. Presence of an intramuscular part of the distal tendon was also demonstrated in the foetal material. Moreover, very strong correlations between particular muscle lengths were noted in foetuses. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 138–143)
Abstract
Ten human gracilis muscles obtained from adults and ten gracilis muscles collected from human foetuses between the 15th and 21st week of gestation were examined. The results of this preparatory study show that the gracilis muscle in adults is narrow and long — 482 mm on average. The distal tendon of gracilis muscle is long, 294 mm on average. It can be divided into two sections — external part, outside the muscle belly, and internal, intramuscular, part. The latter one is partially covered by muscle fibres and some of it is completely hidden inside the muscle belly, which is on average 76 mm long. Presence of an intramuscular part of the distal tendon was also demonstrated in the foetal material. Moreover, very strong correlations between particular muscle lengths were noted in foetuses. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 138–143)
Keywords
gracilis, pes anserinus, foetal muscle, tendon
About this articleTitle
Anatomy and morphometry of the distal gracilis muscle tendon in adults and foetuses
Journal
Issue
Article type
Original article
Pages
138-143
Published online
2017-07-13
Page views
1636
Article views/downloads
2218
DOI
Pubmed
Bibliographic record
Folia Morphol 2018;77(1):138-143.
Keywords
gracilis
pes anserinus
foetal muscle
tendon
Authors
D. W. Dziedzic
U. Bogacka
I. Komarniţki
B. Ciszek
References (41)- Åhlén M, Lidén M, Bovaller Å, et al. Bilateral magnetic resonance imaging and functional assessment of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons a minimum of 6 years after ipsilateral harvest for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2012; 40(8): 1735–1741.
- Aho T, Canal A, Neal D. Fournier's gangrene. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2006; 3(1): 54–57.
- Arnold AS, Asakawa DJ, Delp SL. Do the hamstrings and adductors contribute to excessive internal rotation of the hip in persons with cerebral palsy? Gait Posture. 2000; 11(3): 181–190.
- Baeten CG, Geerdes BP, Adang EM, et al. Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332(24): 1600–1605.
- Borbas P, Koch PP, Fucentese SF. Lateral patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using a free gracilis autograft. Orthopedics. 2014; 37(7): e665–e668.
- Burks RT, Crim J, Fink BP, et al. The effects of semitendinosus and gracilis harvest in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2005; 21(10): 1177–1185.
- Candal-Couto JJ, Deehan DJ. The accessory bands of Gracilis and Semitendinosus: an anatomical study. Knee. 2003; 10(4): 325–328.
- Cross MJ, Roger G, Kujawa P, et al. Regeneration of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons following their transection for repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 1992; 20(2): 221–223.
- Dziedzic D, Bogacka U, Ciszek B. Anatomy of the sartorius muscle. Folia Mophol. 2014; 73: 259–262.
- Epstein DM, Arger PH, LaRossa D, et al. CT evaluation of gracilis myocutaneous vaginal reconstruction after pelvic exenteration. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987; 148(6): 1143–1146.
- Hallock G. The Development of the Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery Perforator (MCFAP) Flap. Semin Plastic Surgery. 2006; 20(2): 121–126.
- Hanash KA, Tur JJ. One-stage plastic reconstruction of a totally amputated cancerous penis using a unilateral myocutaneous gracilis flap. J Surg Oncol. 1986; 33(4): 250–253.
- Harris AJ. Muscle Fiber and Motor Unit Behavior in the Longest Human Skeletal Muscle. J Neurosci. 2005; 25(37): 8528–8533.
- Hassani E, Karimi H, Maghari A. Reconstructions of glans and distal urethra after traumatic circumcision. Case Rep Clin Pract Rev. 2005; 6: 292–295.
- Heron MI, Richmond FJ. In-series fiber architecture in long human muscles. J Morphol. 1993; 216(1): 35–45.
- Hoek van Dijke GA, Snijders CJ, Stoeckart R, et al. A biomechanical model on muscle forces in the transfer of spinal load to the pelvis and legs. J Biomech. 1999; 32(9): 927–933.
- Janssen RPA, van der Velden MJF, Pasmans HLM, et al. Regeneration of hamstring tendons after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013; 21(4): 898–905.
- Je-Hun L, Kyung-Jin K, Young-Gil J, et al. Pes anserinus and anserine bursa: anatomical study. Anat Cell Biol. 2014; 47(2): 127–131.
- Juricic M, Vaysse P, Guitard J, et al. Anatomic basis for use of a gracilis muscle flap. Surg Radiol Anat. 1993; 15(3): 163–168.
- Juricic M, Vaysse P, Visentin M, et al. [Gracilis muscle in man]. Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy). 1992; 76(232): 35–42.
- Kim CM, Yun InS, Lee DW, et al. Treatment of ischial pressure sores with both profunda femoris artery perforator flaps and muscle flaps. Arch Plast Surg. 2014; 41(4): 387–393.
- Klein Horsman MD, Koopman H, van der Helm F, et al. Corrigendum to “Morphological muscle and joint parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the lower extremity” [Clin. Biomech. 22 (2007) 239–247]. Clini Biomech. 2007; 23(10): 1303.
- Kua EeH, Leo KW, Ong YS, et al. Vascularisation of urethral repairs with the gracilis muscle flap. Arch Plast Surg. 2013; 40(5): 584–588.
- LaPrade R, Ly T, Wentorf F, et al. The anatomy of the medial part of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007; 89(9): 2000–2010.
- Lee SH, Rah DK, Lee WJ. Penoscrotal reconstruction with gracilis muscle flap and internal pudendal artery perforator flap transposition. Urology. 2012; 79(6): 1390–1394.
- Meyers W, Greenleaf R, Saad A. Anatomic basis for evaluation of abdominal and groin pain in athletes. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2005; 13(1): 55–61.
- Mochizuki T, Akita K, Muneta T, et al. Pes anserinus: layered supportive structure on the medial side of the knee. Clin Anat. 2004; 17(1): 50–54.
- Morris SF, Yang D. Gracilis muscle: arterial and neural basis for subdivision. Ann Plast Surg. 1999; 42(6): 630–633.
- Norbakhsh ST, Zafarani Z, Najafi A, et al. Arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by using hamstring tendon autograft and transosseous screw fixation: minimal 3 years follow-up. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014; 134(12): 1723–1730.
- Pichler W, Tesch NP, Schwantzer G, et al. Differences in length and cross-section of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons and their effect on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A CADAVER STUDY. J Bone Joint Surg. 2008; 90-B(4): 516–519.
- Pressel T, Lengsfeld M. Functions of hip joint muscles. Med Eng Phys. 1998; 20(1): 50–56.
- Ratliff CR, Gershenson DM, Morris M, et al. Sexual adjustment of patients undergoing gracilis myocutaneous flap vaginal reconstruction in conjunction with pelvic exenteration. Cancer. 1996; 78(10): 2229–2235.
- Singh H, Kaur R, Gupta N. Morphometric study of gracilis muscle and its role in clinical reconstruction. J Anat Soc India. 2011; 60(2): 202–206.
- Śmigielski R, Mioduszewski A. Rekonstrukcja więzadła pobocznego piszczelowego uszypułowanego dystalne ścięgnem mięśnia smukłego. Acta Clin. 2002; 2(2): 146–50.
- Stolarczyk A, Nagraba Ł, Mitek T, et al. Porównanie dwóch metod artroskopowej rekonstrukcji więzadła krzyżowego przedniego, Artroskopia i Chirurgia Stawów. 2006; 2(3): 22–29.
- Tohyama H, Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, et al. Morphometry of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons with application to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1993; 1(3-4): 143–147.
- Virtanen KJ, Savolainen V, Tulikoura I, et al. Surgical treatment of chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation with autogenous tendon grafts. Springerplus. 2014; 3(420): 1–8.
- Wilson T, Lubowitz J. Minimally invasive posterior hamstring harvest. Arthroscopy Techniques. 2013; 2(3): e299–e301.
- Yasin MN, Charalambous CP, Mills SP, et al. Accessory bands of the hamstring tendons: A clinical anatomical study. Clin Anat. 2010; 23(7): 862–865.
- Youen W. Female-to-male transsexual burgery – the state of the art. Hong Kong Med Assoc. 1996; 46(4): 268–73.
- Zaffagnini S, Golanò P, Farinas O, et al. Vascularity and neuroreceptors of the pes anserinus: anatomic study. Clin Anat. 2003; 16(1): 19–24.
