Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the atrioventricular valves in chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger)
Abstract
The arrangement of autonomic fibres was studied in the cardiac atrioventricular valves of small chinchillas. The dissected valves were stained entirely using the modified histochemical acetylcholine esterase technique (AChE) and the SPG-De la Torre method. Double immunocytochemical staining was also used for the expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH). The study showed the presence of both cholinergic and adrenergic fibres, forming a kind of network on all cusps of both valves. The adrenergic network is always more strongly represented than the cholinergic network. The cholinergic nerve network of the “parietal” part formed mainly the parallel arrangement. As we move towards the free parts of the cusps, the arrangement becomes netted and radiant. The adrenergic fibres formed only the netted arrangement, which was the most dense in the peripheral (parietal) part of the cusps. Some of the fibres in the vicinity of tendinous cords extended as far as the papillary muscles. Double immunocytochemical tests confirmed the presence and distribution of DBH- and VAChT-positive fibres. Some fibres (especially within the tendinous cords) show VAChT and DBH colocalisation.
Keywords: atrioventricular valvesautonomic innervationschinchilla
References
- Ahmed A, Johansson O, Folan-Curran J. Distribution of PGP 9.5, TH, NPY, SP and CGRP immunoreactive nerves in the rat and guinea pig atrioventricular valves and chordae tendineae. J Anat. 1997; 191 (Pt 4): 547–560.
- Borin C, Vanhercke D, Weyns A. Innervation of the atrioventricular and semi-lunar heart valves: a review. Acta Cardiol. 2006; 61(4): 463–469.
- Crick SJ, Anderson RH, Ho SY, et al. Localisation and quantitation of autonomic innervation in the porcine heart II: endocardium, myocardium and epicardium. J Anat. 1999; 195 (Pt 3): 359–373.
- De Biasi S, Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, Blum I. Histochemical and ultrastructural study on the innervation of human and porcine atrio-ventricular valves. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1984; 169(2): 159–165.
- De la Torre JC. An improved approach to histofluorescence using the SPG method for tissue monoamines. J Neurosci Methods. 1980; 3(1): 1–5.
- Fenoglio JJ, Wit AL, Bassett AL, et al. Canine mitral complex. Ultrastructure and electromechanical properties. Circ Res. 1972; 31(3): 417–430.
- Gienc J. The application of histochemical method in the anatomical studies on the parasympathetic ganglia and nerve bundles of postganglionic axons in the sublingual region of some mammals. Zool Pol. 1977; 26: 187–192.
- Folan-Curran J, Wang YF, Jew JY, et al. The terminal innervation patterns in young and old guinea pig heart valves: a quantitative analysis using acetylcholinesterase staining. Exp Gerontol. 1994; 29(5): 543–552.
- Hoover DB, Ganote CE, Ferguson SM, et al. Localization of cholinergic innervation in guinea pig heart by immunohistochemistry for high-affinity choline transporters. Cardiovasc Res. 2004; 62(1): 112–121.
- Jew JY, Fink CA, Williams TH. Tyrosine hydroxylase- and nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibers in mitral valve of young adult and aged Fischer 344 rats. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1996; 58(1-2): 35–43.
- Kukanova B, Mravec B. Complex intracardiac nervous system. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2006; 107(3): 45–51.
- Kuder T, Nowak E. Autonomic cardiac nerves: literature review. Folia Morphol. 2015; 74(1): 1–8.
- Kumar SD, Tay SS. Changes in peptidergic nerves in the atrioventricular valves of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a confocal microscopy study. Anat Rec. 2000; 258(3): 277–285.
- Lipp W, Rodin M. The adrenergic nerve plexuses of cardiac valves. Acta Anat (Basel). 1968; 69(3): 313–326.
- Lovasova K, Kluchova D, Bolekova A, et al. Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and AChE activity in the anterior leaflet of rat mitral valve. Eur J Histochem. 2010; 54(1): 25–29.
- Marron K, Yacoub MH, Polak JM, et al. Innervation of human atrioventricular and arterial valves. Circulation. 1996; 94(3): 368–375.
- Olsen LH, Mortensen K, Martinussen T, et al. Increased NADPH-diaphorase activity in canine myxomatous mitral valve leaflets. J Comp Pathol. 2003; 129(2-3): 120–130.
- Pauza DH, Rysevaite K, Inokaitis H, et al. Innervation of sinoatrial nodal cardiomyocytes in mouse. A combined approach using immunofluorescent and electron microscopy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2014; 75: 188–197.
- Pauza DH, Rysevaite-Kyguoliene K, Vismantaite J, et al. A combined acetylcholinesterase and immunohistochemical method for precise anatomical analysis of intrinsic cardiac neural structures. Ann Anat. 2014; 196(6): 430–440.
- Pauziene N, Alaburda P, Rysevaite-Kyguoliene K, et al. Innervation of the rabbit cardiac ventricles. J Anat. 2016; 228(1): 26–46.
- Shoba T, Tay S. Nitrergic and peptidergic innervation in the developing rat heart. Anat Embryol. 2000; 201(6): 491–500.
- Singh S, Johnson PI, Javed A, et al. Monoamine- and histamine-synthesizing enzymes and neurotransmitters within neurons of adult human cardiac ganglia. Circulation. 1999; 99(3): 411–419.
- Smith RB. Intrinsic innervation of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in various mammals. J Anat. 1971; 108(Pt 1): 115–121.
- Sonnenblick EH, Napolitano LM, Daggett WM, et al. An intrinsic neuromuscular basis for mitral valve motion in the dog. Circ Res. 1967; 21(1): 9–15.
- Williams TH, Folan JC, Jew JY, et al. Variations in atrioventricular valve innervation in four species of mammals. Am J Anat. 1990; 187(2): 193–200.
