Skeletopy of the intumescentia lumbalis and conus medullaris applied to epidural anaesthesia in Leopardus geoffroyi
Abstract
Background: Leopardus geoffroyi is a Neotropical wild felid with wide distribution in the south of the South American continent. The objective was to investigate the skeletopy of the intumescentia lumbalis (IL) and conus medullaris (CM) from 11 specimens of L. geoffroyi collected dead on highways.
Materials and methods: The cadavers were fixed in formaldehyde solution and dissected to allow the dorsal exposure of IL and CM. The cranial and caudal limits were marked with radiopaque pins and radiographic projections were used to determine the skeletopy. The lengths of IL and CM were measured with a pachymeter.
Results: In most specimens, the IL was located at the level of L4 and L5 vertebrae, although in 4 (1 male and 3 females) individuals its cranial limit was L3 and in 3 specimens (2 male and 1 female) the caudal limit was L6. The length of IL was 35.6 ± 6.7 mm. The CM had its base predominantly at the level of the L5 vertebra, although in some specimens the base was in L4 and in others in L6. The apex of the CM can be found since the lumbosacral junction until the level of the Cd2 vertebra. The CM measured 74.4 ± 14.3 mm.
Conclusions: Based on the skeletopy, it can be suggested that epidural anaesthesia procedures in L. geoffroyi are safer with the introduction of the catheter through the sacrocaudal interarcual space, as recommended by some anaesthetists for the domestic cat.
Keywords: carnivoransGeoffroy’s catspinal cordwild felids
References
- Branco É, Lins F, Pereira L, et al. Topografia do cone medular da irara (Eira barbara) e sua relevância em anestesias epidurais. Pesq Vet Bras. 2013; 33(6): 813–816.
- Brígida SSS, Branco E, Pinheiro LL, et al. Topografia do cone medular da jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis). Acta Vet Bras. 2010; 4(1): 51–54.
- Cabrera, A. Catálogo de los mamíferos de América del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Zoología. 1957; 4: 1–370.
- Carvalho SFM, Santos ALQ, Avila Junio RH, et al. Topografia do cone medular em um gato mourisco, Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Severtzow, 1858) (Felidae). Arch Vet Scien. 2003; 8(2): 35–38.
- Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Tratado de Anatomia Veterinária. 4th ed. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro 2010.
- Evans HE, Lahunta A. Guide to the Dissection of the Dog. 7th ed. Saunders Elsevier, Missouri 2010.
- Ewer RF. The Carnivores. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1973.
- Gregores GB, Branco E, Carvalho AF, et al. Topografia do cone medular do quati (Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766). Biotemas. 2010; 23(2): 173–176.
- Gunkel C, Lafortune M. Felids. In: West G, Heard D, Caulkett N (Eds.) Zoo and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. 1st ed. Blackwell Publishing, Ames 2007: 443–459.
- Hopkins GS. The correlation of anatomy and epidural anesthesia in domestic mammals. Cornell Veterinarian. 1935; 25: 263–270.
- Lahunta A, Glass E, Kent M. Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology. 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis 2015.
- Lima F, Santos A, Lima B, et al. Topographic anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebromedullary relationships in Mazama gouazoubira Fisher, 1814 (Artiodactyla; Cervidae). Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences. 2010; 32(2).
- Machado G, Fonseca C, Neves M, et al. Topografia do cone medular no lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus llliger, 1815). Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária. 2001; 9(2): 107–109.
- Machado GV, Lesnau GG, Birck AJ. Topografia do cone medular no lobo marinho (Arctocephalus australis Zimmermann, 1783). Arquivos Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da Unipar. 2003; 6(1): 11–14.
- Machado GV, Rosas FCW, Lazzarini SM. Topografia do cone medular na ariranha (Pteronura brasiliensis Zimmermann, 1780). Ciência Animal Brasileira. 2009; 10(1): 301–305.
- McCain S, Ramsay Ed, Allender MC, et al. Pyometra in captive large felids: a review of eleven cases. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2009; 40(1): 147–151.
- Newitt A, German AJ, Barr FJ. Congenital abnormalities of the feline vertebral column. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2008; 49(1): 35–41.
- Oliveira TG, Cassaro K. Guia de campo dos felinos do Brasil. Instituto Pró-carnívoros. Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, São Paulo. 2005.
- Pardo AD, Morgan JP. Myelography in the Cat. Veterinary Radiology. 1988; 29: 89–95.
- Pascoe PJ. Advantages and guidelines for using epidural drugs for analgesia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1992; 22(2): 421–423.
- Pereira J, Lucherini M, Trigo T. 2015. Leopardus geoffroyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15310A50657011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15310A50657011.en (Downloaded on 31 March 2019).
- Pessutti C, Santiago MEB, Oliveira LTF. Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames 2001.
- Pinheiro LL, Lima AR, Souza ACB, et al. Topografia do cone medular do cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus, 1766): relato de caso. Biotemas. 2011; 22(4): 129–133.
- Roberts RE, Selcer BA. Myelography and epidurography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993; 23(2): 307–329.
- Randau M, Goswami A. Morphological modularity in the vertebral column of Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017; 17(1).
- Saldanha KL, Branco E, Lima AR. Topografia do cone medular do cachorro-do-mato-de-orelhas-pequenas (Atelocynus microtis Sclater, 1882): relato de caso. Biotemas. 2011; 24(4): 135–139.
- Santiago W. Esqueletopia do cone medular em Canis familiaris. Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. 1974; 4(1): 67–69.
- Silva PHC, Silva RM, Lima EMM. Topografia das intumescências cervical e lombar em gatos sem raça definida (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758). Ciência Animal Brasileira. 2008; 9(4): 1089–1095.
- Silva P, Silva RM, Lima E. Topografia do cone medular em gatos sem raça definida. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2009; 61(5): 1062–1066.
- Souza DR, Ferreira LS, Pereira DKS, et al. Topografia do cone medular de Procyon cancrivorus. Bioscience J. 2014; 30(3): 823–829.
- Souza Junior P, Mattos K, Carvalho N, et al. Topografia da intumescência lombar e do cone medular em Lycalopex gymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814). Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária. 2014; 21(3): 173–177.
- Souza Junior P, Carvalho NC, Mattos K, et al. Brachial plexus in the pampas fox (lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2017; 300(3): 537–548.
- Ximenez, A. Notas sobre Felidos Neotropicales VIII. Observaciones sobre el contenido estomacal y el comportamiento alimentar de diversas espécies de Felinos. Revista Nordestina de Biologia. 1982; 5(1): 89–91.
