Myocardial necrosis due to vitamin D 3 overdose - scanning electron microscopic observations

Abstract

Our studies were carried out on the hearts of virgin female Wistar rats treated with 100.000 i.u. of vitamin D₃ (calciol) per os for 3 consecutive days. Multifocal cardionecrosis was established macroscopically in 70% of the vitamin D-treated rats on the 7^th day of the experiment when the rats were in the acute phase of intoxication. Using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we received three-dimensional information about the structural changes to the rat myocardium damaged by high doses of vitamin D₃. The images of necrotic hearts revealed significant disruption of the structural integrity of the myocardium linked to fragmentation of the cardiac muscle bundles and a visible disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In healthy hearts, the structural integrity of the myocardium and the dense network of the extracellular matrix were well preserved. In parallel, the effect of an increasing concentration of free Ca²⁺ on the total proteolytic activity of the heart muscle homogenate of the healthy and necrotic rats was investigated at neutral pH. These data showed that following vitamin D₃ intoxication, the proteolytic processes in the rat hearts occurred in Ca²⁺ overload or saturation. On the basis of our morphological and biochemical results we can suggest that calcium-activated neutral proteinases may have contributed to the structural alteration of the extracellular matrix components and were in this way involved in vitamin D-induced cardionecrosis.