Online first
Original article
Published online: 2025-01-16
Anthropometric analysis of the external nose in young adults
1
, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3
, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3
DOI: 10.5603/fm.103714
Pubmed: 39821783
Abstract
Background: Anthropometric analysis of the midface is essential, especially for rhinoplasty surgeons, medical aesthetics, medical jurisprudence, and anthropology. The aim of this study was to provide data to describe of the anthropometric dimensions of the nose and face among Caucasian young adults in order to establish reference values.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 289 Polish students (115 men and 174 women). The mean age in the study group was 20.44 ± 1.93 years. In this study 10 linear measurements of the face and nose were determined, 7 indices were calculated, including Facial Index and Nasal Index. The prevalence of facial and nasal types was determined. The dimensions and indexes were compared in both sexes. The results obtained were compared with the results of other authors on Caucasian groups including the Polish population in similar age ranges. Statistical analysis was performed. The level of statistical significance was taken as p < 0.05.
Results: The most common face type in the study group was hyperleptoprosopic (very narrow face) and leptoprosopic (narrow face) 32.17%, 31.30% in the female group and 32.76%, 29.31%, in the male group, respectively. The most common nose type was leptorrhine (narrow nose), 74.76%. All measured linear dimensions were greater in men except for nasal root width. Similar results were obtained among indices with the exception of nasal length index.
Conclusions: The results of the obtained measurements can be used by surgeons when planning reconstructive, corrective and aesthetic nasal surgery to ensure an aesthetically pleasing appearance.
Keywords: anthropometric analysisnoseanatomyfacial indexnasal indexstudents
References
- Andrew K, Hage R. History of skin grafting: Ode to Dr. Otto Lanz. Transl Res Anat. 2024; 37: 100318.
- Antoszewski B, Sitek A, Kruk-Jeromina J. Analysis of nose growth. Otolaryngol Pol. 2005; 59(6): 925–931.
- Asthuta A, Pradiptha I. Anthropometric study of nasal index of Bali Aga population. Oto Rhino Laryngol Indones. 2019; 49(1): 35.
- Ballin AC, Carvalho B, Dolci JE, et al. Anthropometric study of the caucasian nose in the city of Curitiba: relevance of population evaluation. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018; 84(4): 486–493.
- Bhandari PS, Dhar S, Gulati A. Anthropometric analysis of linear parameters of the Indian nose: a cross-sectional study and comparison with literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021; 74(12): 3421–3430.
- Choe KS, Sclafani AP, Litner JA, et al. The Korean American woman's face: anthropometric measurements and quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2004; 6(4): 244–252.
- Doddi NM, Eccles R. The role of anthropometric measurements in nasal surgery and research: a systematic review. Clin Otolaryngol. 2010; 35(4): 277–283.
- Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR. Comparison of craniofacial measurements of young adult African-American and North American white males and females. Ann Plast Surg. 2007; 59(6): 692–698.
- Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR, et al. International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races. J Craniofac Surg. 2005; 16(4): 615–646.
- Ferkas LG. Anthropometry of the head and neck. 2 ed. Raven Press, New York 1994.
- Garson JG. The Frankfort craniometric agreement, with critical remarks thereon. Hakeison and Sons, London 1885.
- Goel A, Bhandari PS, Shrivastava P, et al. Nasal measurements in Indian population of north-east region: angular parameters with literature review. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2023; 22(4): 841–847.
- Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Khammar T, et al. Anthropometric measurements of the external nose in 18-25-year-old Sistani and Baluch aborigine women in the southeast of Iran. Folia Morphol. 2009; 68(2): 88–92.
- Husein OF, Sepehr A, Garg R, et al. Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010; 63(11): 1825–1831.
- Krishan K. Anthropometry in forensic medicine and forensic science-'forensic anthropometry'. Internet J Forensic Sci. 2007; 2(1).
- Kulkarni MM, S.Soni J, Hathila SB. An anthropometric study of nasal index with its clinical correlation. Int J Anat Res. 2019; 7(2.1): 6377–6380.
- Kurian K, Hao Y, Boczar D, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of facial anthropometric variations among cisgender females of different ethnicities: implications for feminizing facial gender affirming surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2023; 34(3): 949–954.
- Lakhiani C, Somenek MT. Gender-related facial analysis. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2019; 27(2): 171–177.
- Lee HJ, Park SJ. Comparison of Korean and Japanese head and face anthropometric characteristics. Hum Biol. 2008; 80(3): 313–330.
- Li Kz, Guo S, Sun Q, et al. Anthropometric nasal analysis of Han Chinese young adults. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014; 42(2): 153–158.
- Li Z, Frank K, Kohler LH, et al. Anatomic differences between the Asian and caucasian nose and their implications for liquid rhinoplasties. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2022; 30(2): 167–173.
- Marini M, Angrosidy H, Kurniawan A, et al. The anthropological analysis of the nasal morphology of Dayak Kenyah population in Indonesia as a basic data for forensic identification. Transl Res Anat. 2020; 19: 100064.
- Martin R, Saller K. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. Fischer, Stuttgart 1957.
- Neupane B, Iyer K, Sigdel B. Role of Nasal parameters in gender determination among medical students. J Gandaki Med Coll Nepal. 2021; 14(2): 118–121.
- Ozdemir F, Uzun A. Anthropometric analysis of the nose in young Turkish men and women. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015; 43(7): 1244–1247.
- Packirisamy V. Photogrammetric analysis of nasal dimensions in Indian Malaysian adults. J Craniofac Surg. 2022; 33(2): e168–e170.
- Packiriswamy V, Bashour M, Nayak S. Anthropometric analysis of the South Indian woman's nose. Facial Plast Surg. 2016; 32(3): 304–308.
- Piombino P, Zace P, Grassia MG, et al. Anthropometric parameters for nose evaluation and nasal surgery planning. J Craniofac Surg. 2020; 31(6): 1620–1624.
- Porter JP, Olson KL. Analysis of the African American female nose. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003; 111(2): 620–6; discussion 627.
- Raffaini M, Perello R, Tremolada C, et al. Evolution of full facial feminization surgery: creating the gendered face with an all-in-one procedure. J Craniofac Surg. 2019; 30(5): 1419–1424.
- Rahimi Jaberi K, Kavakebian F, Mojaverrostami S, et al. Nasofacial anthropometric study among students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran: a population based study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019; 71(2): 206–211.
- Rhee SC, Kang SoRa, Park HS. Balanced angular profile analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004; 114(2): 535–544.
- Johnson A, Rohith MM, Roy J. Morphometric variations of nasal parameters in gujarati population: an anatomical study. J Anat Soc India. 2020; 69(3): 127–132.
- Romo T, Abraham MT. The ethnic nose. Facial Plast Surg. 2003; 19(3): 269–278.
- Shah R, Frank-Ito DO. The role of normal nasal morphological variations from race and gender differences on respiratory physiology. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2022; 297: 103823.
- Shrestha R, Manandhar B, Upadhyay HP, et al. Mean nasal index of dental students of a dental college in Nepal. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2019; 57(216): 88–91.
- Springer IN, Wannicke B, Warnke PH, et al. Facial attractiveness: visual impact of symmetry increases significantly towards the midline. Ann Plast Surg. 2007; 59(2): 156–162.
- Szychta P, Witmanowski H, Rykala J. Assessment of the usefulness of three-dimensional scanner in aesthetic evaluation of post-traumatic rhinoplasty. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2013; 47(2): 106–112.
- Uzun A, Ozdemir F. [Morphometric analysis of nasal shapes and angles in young adults]. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014; 80(5): 397–402.
- Wai M, Thwin S, Yesmin T, et al. Nasofacial anthropometric study among university students of three races in Malaysia. Adv Anat. 2015; 2015: 1–5.
- Wang J, Wusiman P, Mi C. Cone-beam computed tomography analysis of the nasal morphology among Uyghur nationality adults in Xinjiang for forensic reconstruction. Transl Res Anat. 2021; 25: 100139.
- Winiarska N, Stachura A, Roszkowski B, et al. Anthropometry and current aesthetic concept of the lower third of the face and lips in Caucasian adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024; 48(13): 2353–2364.
- Wyganowska-Świątkowska M, Kowalkowska I, Mehr K, et al. An anthropometric analysis of the head and face in vocal students. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2013; 65(3): 136–142.
- Wysiadecki G, Varga I, Klejbor I, et al. Reporting anatomical variations: should unified standards and protocol (checklist) for anatomical studies and case reports be established? Transl Res Anat. 2024; 35: 100284.
- Zacharopoulos GV, Manios A, Kau CH, et al. Anthropometric analysis of the face. J Craniofac Surg. 2016; 27(1): e71–e75.
- Zaworski B, Cymek L. Zmiany sekularne wymiarów i proporcji głowy studentek biologii Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku. Słupskie Prace Biologiczne. 2009; 6: 173–186.
