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Effect of e-cigarette flavoring agents on the neural retina of chick embryo: histological and gene expression study
, 2, 1, 1, 1
Affiliations- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
open access
Abstract
Background: An electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is initially marketed as an assistant product to quit smoking or limit its use. However, recent studies suggest the opposite, describing it as a product that lacks adequate quality and user safety. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of e-cigarette flavoring agent (cinnamon flavor) on the neural retina development of chick embryos and apoptosis induction after the early and late apoptosis stages by quantitative detection of gene expression CASP-3 at both embryonic days E9 and E17.
Methods: Fertilized chicken eggs were divided into two groups: control and treatment, and each group included two embryonic days; E9 and E17. For each treatment stage, two dosages of the treatment were applied, 2% and 5%. The neural retinas were dissected from the sclera and retinal pigment epithelium for subsequent RNA extraction and histological examination.
Results: This study indicated that aerosol of the subtle cinnamon flavor e-liquid causes downregulated expression of CASP3 in neural retina development. In addition, the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections showed multiple structural changes in the retinal layers and evidence of apoptotic cell death.
Conclusion: Cell death was visible and abundant in E9, and E17 concludes that flavor vapor condensate treatment caused neuronal cell death. CASP-3 was downregulated, which indicates that cell death occurred independently of CASP-3.
Abstract
Background: An electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is initially marketed as an assistant product to quit smoking or limit its use. However, recent studies suggest the opposite, describing it as a product that lacks adequate quality and user safety. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of e-cigarette flavoring agent (cinnamon flavor) on the neural retina development of chick embryos and apoptosis induction after the early and late apoptosis stages by quantitative detection of gene expression CASP-3 at both embryonic days E9 and E17.
Methods: Fertilized chicken eggs were divided into two groups: control and treatment, and each group included two embryonic days; E9 and E17. For each treatment stage, two dosages of the treatment were applied, 2% and 5%. The neural retinas were dissected from the sclera and retinal pigment epithelium for subsequent RNA extraction and histological examination.
Results: This study indicated that aerosol of the subtle cinnamon flavor e-liquid causes downregulated expression of CASP3 in neural retina development. In addition, the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections showed multiple structural changes in the retinal layers and evidence of apoptotic cell death.
Conclusion: Cell death was visible and abundant in E9, and E17 concludes that flavor vapor condensate treatment caused neuronal cell death. CASP-3 was downregulated, which indicates that cell death occurred independently of CASP-3.
Keywords
chick embryo; caspase-3 (CASP-3); electronic cigarette; histology; retinal development
About this articleTitle
Effect of e-cigarette flavoring agents on the neural retina of chick embryo: histological and gene expression study
Journal
Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica
Issue
Article type
Original paper
Pages
245-258
Published online
2021-12-09
Page views
6424
Article views/downloads
557
DOI
Pubmed
Bibliographic record
Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2021;59(4):245-258.
Keywords
chick embryo
caspase-3 (CASP-3)
electronic cigarette
histology
retinal development
Authors
Malak Alshareef
Aziza Alrafiah
Sara Abed
Fatemah Basingab
Aisha Alrofaidi
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