open access

Vol 64, No 6 (2013)
Review paper
Submitted: 2014-01-03
Published online: 2013-12-31
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Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and the appendix — management guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours)

Marek Bolanowski, Tomasz Bednarczuk, Barbara Bobek-Billewicz, Daria Handkiewicz-Junak, Arkadiusz Jeziorski, Ewa Nowakowska-Duława, Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska, Wojciech Zajęcki, Anna Zemczak, Beata Kos-Kudła, Other participants of the Consensus Conference (affiliations at the end of this section):, Elżbieta Andrysiak-Mamos, Jolanta Blicharz-Dorniak, Andrzej Cichocki, Jarosław B. Ćwikła, Andrzej Deptała, Wanda Foltyn, Marek Hartleb, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, Michał Jarząb, Dariusz Kajdaniuk, Grzegorz Kamiński, Aldona Kowalska, Robert Król, Leszek Królicki, Jolanta Kunikowska, Katarzyna Kuśnierz, Paweł Lampe, Dariusz Lange, Anna Lewczuk, Magdalena Londzin-Olesik, Przemysław Majewski, Bogdan Marek, Gabriela Mełeń-Mucha, Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer, Andrzej Nowak, Waldemar Patkowski, Joanna Pilch-Kowalczyk, Violetta Rosiek, Marek Ruchała, Sławomir Rudzki, Philippe Ruszniewski, Grażyna Rydzewska, Anna Sowa-Staszczak, Teresa Starzyńska, Janusz Strzelczyk, Piotr Zdunowski
DOI: 10.5603/EP.2013.0029
·
Endokrynol Pol 2013;64(6):480-493.

open access

Vol 64, No 6 (2013)
Reviews — Postgraduate Education
Submitted: 2014-01-03
Published online: 2013-12-31

Abstract

We present revised Polish guidelines regarding the management of patients harbouring neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine and appendix. The small intestine, especially the ileum, is the most common origin of these neoplasms. Most of them are well differentiated with slow growth. Rarely, they are less differentiated, growing fast with a poor prognosis. Since symptoms can be atypical, the diagnosis is often accidental. Typical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome occur in less than 10% of patients. The most useful laboratory marker is chromogranin A; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is helpful in the monitoring of carcinoid syndrome. Ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, balloon enteroscopy and somatostatin receptors scintigraphy are used in the visualisation. A histological report is crucial for the proper diagnostics and therapy of NENs, and it has been extensively described. The treatment of choice is surgery, either radical or palliative. Somatostatin analogues are crucial in the pharmacological treatment of the hormonally active and non-active small intestine NENs and NENs of the appendix. Radioisotope therapy is possible in patients with a good expression of somatostatin receptors. Chemotherapy is not effective in general. Everolimus therapy can be applied in patients with generalised NENs of the small intestine in progression and where there has been a failure or an inability to use other treatment options. Finally, we make recommendations regarding the monitoring of patients with NENs of the small intestine and appendix. (Endokrynol Pol 2013; 64 (6): 480–493)

Abstract

We present revised Polish guidelines regarding the management of patients harbouring neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine and appendix. The small intestine, especially the ileum, is the most common origin of these neoplasms. Most of them are well differentiated with slow growth. Rarely, they are less differentiated, growing fast with a poor prognosis. Since symptoms can be atypical, the diagnosis is often accidental. Typical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome occur in less than 10% of patients. The most useful laboratory marker is chromogranin A; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is helpful in the monitoring of carcinoid syndrome. Ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, balloon enteroscopy and somatostatin receptors scintigraphy are used in the visualisation. A histological report is crucial for the proper diagnostics and therapy of NENs, and it has been extensively described. The treatment of choice is surgery, either radical or palliative. Somatostatin analogues are crucial in the pharmacological treatment of the hormonally active and non-active small intestine NENs and NENs of the appendix. Radioisotope therapy is possible in patients with a good expression of somatostatin receptors. Chemotherapy is not effective in general. Everolimus therapy can be applied in patients with generalised NENs of the small intestine in progression and where there has been a failure or an inability to use other treatment options. Finally, we make recommendations regarding the monitoring of patients with NENs of the small intestine and appendix. (Endokrynol Pol 2013; 64 (6): 480–493)

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Keywords

neuroendocrine neoplasms; small intestine; appendix; carcinoid; diagnostics; therapy; guidelines

About this article
Title

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and the appendix — management guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours)

Journal

Endokrynologia Polska

Issue

Vol 64, No 6 (2013)

Article type

Review paper

Pages

480-493

Published online

2013-12-31

Page views

4186

Article views/downloads

4299

DOI

10.5603/EP.2013.0029

Bibliographic record

Endokrynol Pol 2013;64(6):480-493.

Keywords

neuroendocrine neoplasms
small intestine
appendix
carcinoid
diagnostics
therapy
guidelines

Authors

Marek Bolanowski
Tomasz Bednarczuk
Barbara Bobek-Billewicz
Daria Handkiewicz-Junak
Arkadiusz Jeziorski
Ewa Nowakowska-Duława
Katarzyna Steinhof-Radwańska
Wojciech Zajęcki
Anna Zemczak
Beata Kos-Kudła
Other participants of the Consensus Conference (affiliations at the end of this section):
Elżbieta Andrysiak-Mamos
Jolanta Blicharz-Dorniak
Andrzej Cichocki
Jarosław B. Ćwikła
Andrzej Deptała
Wanda Foltyn
Marek Hartleb
Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk
Michał Jarząb
Dariusz Kajdaniuk
Grzegorz Kamiński
Aldona Kowalska
Robert Król
Leszek Królicki
Jolanta Kunikowska
Katarzyna Kuśnierz
Paweł Lampe
Dariusz Lange
Anna Lewczuk
Magdalena Londzin-Olesik
Przemysław Majewski
Bogdan Marek
Gabriela Mełeń-Mucha
Anna Nasierowska-Guttmejer
Andrzej Nowak
Waldemar Patkowski
Joanna Pilch-Kowalczyk
Violetta Rosiek
Marek Ruchała
Sławomir Rudzki
Philippe Ruszniewski
Grażyna Rydzewska
Anna Sowa-Staszczak
Teresa Starzyńska
Janusz Strzelczyk
Piotr Zdunowski

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