Steroid-eluting epicardial pacing in children

Abstract

Background: Permanent cardiac pacing is a known method of the treatment for children with bradycardia. Epicardial pacing is required in small children and in children with some congenital heart defects. Steroid-eluting leads (SEL) have been introduced to reduce implant site fibrosis and to retain permanent low-pacing threshold values. Our aim was to evaluate the pacing characteristic and follow-up of children with epicardial steroid-eluting pacing.
Material and methods: We implanted steroid-eluting epicardial pacing systems in 53 children (age at implantation: 2 days - 17.5 years, mean 4.6 years), of whom 37 (70%) had congenital heart disease and 22 of these had already had cardiac surgery. These children formed group I. Group II was the control group and consisted of 29 children (age at implantation: 10 days - 13 years, mean 6.5 years) with non-steroid epicardial pacing systems; 15 patients (51%) had diagnosed congenital heart disease, and 9 of these had had cardiac surgery. The pacing threshold (PT) was obtained during implantation, before discharge, 1-3 and 6 months following implantation and then every 6 months.
Results: In group I the mean PT during the implantation procedure was 1.6 V/0.4 ms and decreased significantly before discharge. In group II the PT during the implantation procedure was low and increased before discharge. In group I the PT of the atrial leads was low and stable during the follow-up period, while the PT of the ventricular leads slowly increased and four years following implantation was similar to that of group II.
Conclusions: In children with permanent epicardial pacing the ventricular PT was significantly lower when steroid-eluting leads had been used then when these had not been used, but during the follow-up period the PT slowly increased, while the pacing threshold of atrial steroid-eluting leads remained stable.